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COPYRIGHT DEPOSIT; 



THE 
COUNTY EXAMINEE 



ADAPTED FOR THE 
USE OF APPLICAiNTS, 
STUDENTS and TEACHERS 

SECOND EDITION 



M-HM 



BY J. W. LUSBY 

Superintendent Grayson Graded School 



THE TEACHERS SUPPLY CO, 
GRAYSON, KENTUCKY 



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COPYRIGHT 
1907 AND 1909 
BY J. W. LUSBY 

PRINTED BY 
F. L. RUTLEDGE 
GRAYSON, KY. 



LIBRARY of CONGRESS 
Two GoDies Received 

APR 30 1909 

Cepyngnt Entry „ 

j CLASS Q— * Xc < No, 
COPT B. ' 



PREFACE TO FIRST EDITION. 

So far as the author of this book knows, no one has 
yet published a work of this kind (upon the elementary 
school subjects) that has not, in the main, followed some 
text; that is, given questions and answers consecutively 
as they would appear in text books. 

For this reason, it was decided to make this publica- 
tion, the aim being to give a thorough review of all the 
subjects discussed, selecting the questions promiscuously, 
without regard to any text, or any particular parts of 
text books, in general. 

Experience with young teachers in the school room, 
and as a member of the County Board of Examiners, has 
furnished the greater part of the material. In addition 
to this, however, questions prepared by various State 
Boards have been examined, by which other material 
was suggested. 

Much attention has been given to the solution of the 
problems in arithmetic, because, as a rule, a large ma- 
jority of teachers fail on this subject. 

The author is indebted to several friends, who have 
materially assisted by reading the proof sheets, and doing 
other work in connection with the labor of publication. 

J. W. LUSBY. 



PREFACE TO SECOND EDITION. 

The approval with which the first edition of this 
book has met has led to the printing of this enlarged 
edition, which has questions and answers on English and 
American literature and algebra, with questions on 
geography, history and civil government for use in each 
State of the Union, and also sample lists of questions. 

THE AUTHOR. 



QUESTIONS ON SPELLING. 

PAPER NO. I. 

i. Spell: Aspirant, aeronaut, banana, cantaloupe, 
combustible, desirable, equable, financier, genuine, 
heinous, italicize, lyceum, movable, milliner, nauseous, 
pedagogy, porpoise, physician, sturgeon, vagary. 

2. Mark diacritically : Agnostic, bicycle, corpuscle, 
domicile, eclipse, firkin, hiatus, optician, quinsy, tena- 
cious. 

3. Define: Antiquity, borough, burrow, coerce, deficit, 
encore, fastidious, hydraulic, indigent, revelry. 

4. Define simple, compound, primitive and deriva- 
tive words. 

5. How are words classified with regard to the sylla- 
bles they contain? 

PAPER NO. II. 

Spell: Adipose, albumen, bivouac, crematory, cour- 
teous, dialogue, debris, enervate, fascicle, glycerine, 
hoeing, intense, jaguar, mongrel, miasma, ominous, 
predilection, squalor, stratagem, vineyard. 

2. Mark diacritically: Avalanche, bayou, control, gey- 
ser, incendiary, juvenile, larynx, mortgage, oracle, 
pageant. 

3. Define: Apex, calendar, calender, copious, granary, 



6 THE COUNTY EXAMINER 

javelin, marauder, neutral, persecute, recipient. 

4. Define the following: Orthography, phonology,* 
accent, letter, and elementary sound. 

5. Give three rules for spelling. 

PAPER NO. III. 

1. Spell: Acclimate, aroma, bouquet, calcimine, 
coterie, descend, emissary, fictitious, governor, hyena, 
inertia, kerosene, mnemonics, operate, picturesque, plum- 
age, sulphur, susceptible, warrior. 

2. Mark diacritically : Asthma, chromo, diocese, extol, 
glacier, leisure, nitrogen, obscene, quadratic, sausage. 

3 Define: Acquittal, difference, deference, cymbal, 
hiccough, lassie, prophecy, prophesy, stoical, ultimatum. 

4. Define word, syllable, dipthong, spelling, and sylla- 
bication. 

5. Give and illustrate the rule for doubling the final 
consonant of words receiving a suffix beginning with a 
vowel. 

PAPER NO. IV. 

1. Spell: Architect, bologna, coalesce, cocoon, decid- 
uous, eleemosynary, feminine, guillotine, gelatine, hya- 
cinth, license, mucilage, primitive, pernicious, quagmire, 
raisin, scissors, tonsilitis, vaccinate, whimsical. 

2. Mark Diacritically: Aborigines, cuticle, docile, 
halcyon, iceberg, katydid, oblique, scenery, tautology, 
verbose. 

3. Define: Associate, construe, monotony, oriental, 
principal, principle, rendezvous, satiate, turbulent. 

4. Define vowel, consonant, prefix, suffix, affix. 

5. Name the letters that have no sounds of their own. 
Name those that are never silent. 



QUESTIONS ON SPELLING 7 

PAPER NO. V. 

1. Spell: Abdomen, aquiline, bluegrass, caterpillar, 
cylinder, emaciate, foliage, gaseous, intrinsic, jeopardy, 
mercenary, militant, necessary, phaeton, precedence, 
salmon, tassel, usurper, vengeance, yeoman. 

2. Mark diacritically : Alpaca, cayenne, diocese, eclat, 
forceps, garrison, isthmus, oasis, parliament, roulette. 

3. Define : Abdicate, corpulent, distinguish, evasive, in- 
vincible, linguist, menace, novice, pyramid, venison. 

4. When are w and y vowels? Consonants? 

5. Give three rules for spelling. 

PAPER NO. VI. 

1. Spell: Ancestral, burlesque, conciliate, connois- 
seur, dyspepsia, exquisite, frolicsome, gangrene, hosiery, 
impetus, kangaroo, lacerate, maelstrom, nuisance, ostra- 
cize, proboscis, pentateuch, physic, revocable, valiant. 

2. Mark diacritically: Alkali, faucets, geranium, 
judiciary, mirage, phantom, rancid, sidereal, urchin, 
wriggle. 

3. Define : Archives, counsel, council, excessive, immi- 
grate, lubricate, opaque, prodigy, ransom, symbol. 

4. What are the uses of silent letters? 

5. Name the kinds of accent ; tell how each is denoted, 
and where it is usually placed. 

PAPER NO. VII. 

1. Spell: Antipathy, abrogate, benzine, chandelier, 
contumely, diurnal, embezzle, feasible, gherkin, hypoc- 
risy, irascible, liquefy, manikin, mackintosh, poultice, 
parricide, sirloin, salable, usury, zephyrs. 

2. Mark diacritically: Ability, buoyant, epaulets, 



8 THE COUNTY EXAMINER 

flotilla, kaleidoscopic, leopard, meteor, ossify, potatoes^ 
surcingle. 

3. Define: Accelerate, colporteur, forgery, heroic, 
imbecile, mantel, mantle, penalty, , sepulcher, una- 
bridged. 

4. What are synonyms? Homonyms? 

5. What is the diaeresis? Illustrate. 

PAPER NO. VIII. 

1. Spell: Asparagus, avoirdupois, bailiwick, chrysalis, 
conjugal, diaeresis, erysipelas, facetious, gauging, hem- 
orrhage, inimical, knapsack, laudable, mesmerism, neu- 
ralgia, phthisic, proficiency, fphantasy, resuscitate, 
velveteen. 

2. Mark diacritically : Admit, ferocious, isinglass, mocca- 
sin, negotiate, opponent, quarantine, 'rhubarb, strychnine, 
transient. 

3. Define: Advise, clemency, fickle, interpret, mari- 
time, palate, succumb, unanimous, vestige. 

4. When is ;;/ silent? When is final e silent? 

5. How many elementary sounds in the English 
language? Why more sounds than letters? 

PAPER NO. IX. 

1. Spell: Anonymous, beauteous, caisson, chincapin, 
dahlia, entangle, punctuate, guttural, garrison, hypothe- 
cate, kleptomania, luscious, macaroni, noticeable, pane- 
gyric, purloin, pugnacious, rhinoceros, succinct, zodiacal. 

2. Mark diacritically: Abundant, debut, guerrilla, 
laureate, panacea, rhythm, salsify, terrapin, umpire, 
vacillate. 

3. Define: Adage, cession, deponent, emig-rate, jaun- 



QUESTIONS ON SPELLING p 

dice, manifesto, receipt, recipe, stationery, stationary. 

4. What is the base of every syllable? 

5. What is an alphabet? From what is the name 
derived? How many letters in the English alphabet? 

PAPER NO. X. 

1. Spell: Anaesthetic, belligerent, crocodile, corduroy, 
doughnut, fusillade, hallucination, johnnycake, mosqui- 
to, notoriety, prejudice, pneumatic, putative, rheumatic, 
syllogism, sacrilegious, soliloquy, viscera, whoa, yester- 
day. 

2. Mark diacritically : Allusion, beguile, chaperon, 
intercede, labyrinth, menagerie, oscillate, prairie, 
subpoena, walrus. 

3. Define: Ascension, confiscate, croquet, exodus, 
nursery, oriole, pillage, throne, thrown, indicate. 

4. What are liquids? Name them. 

5. Define the following: Synthesis, analysis, cognates, 
mutes, pronunciation. 




ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS ON SPELLING. 

PAPER NO. I. 

i. See question for answer. 

2. Consult a dictionary. 

3. Consult a dictionary. 

4. A simple word is a single word, either primi- 
tive or derivative. 

A compound word is composed of two or more 
simple words. 

A primitive word is not derived from another 
in the same language. 

A derivative word is formed by joining to a 
primitive word some letter or syllable to modify its 
meaning. 

5. A word of one syllable is called a monosyllable; 
of two syllables, a dissyllable; of three syllables, a 
trisyllable; of four syllables, a polysyllable. 

PAPER NO. II. 

1. See question for answer. 

2. Consult a dictionary. 

3. Consult a dictionary. 

4. Orthography treats of elementary sounds, 



ANSWERS TO SPELLING n 

letters and syllables, so used as to form words. 

Phonology is the science of uttering the 
elementary sounds. 

Accent is stress of voice placed on a particular 
syllable of a word. 

A letter is a character used to represent a 
sound or a combination of sounds, 

An elementary sound is a simple, distinct 
sound. 

5. Monosyllables ending in f, /, or s, double the 
final letter when preceded by a single vowel. 

If a suffix is added to a word ending in y, 
preceded by a consonant, the y is changed to i. 

Silent e is usually dropped when suffixes, 
commencing with a vowel, are added. 

PAPER NO. III. 

1. See question for answer. 

2. Consult a dictionary. 

3. Consult a dictionary. 

4. A word is a syllable or a combination of syl- 
lables. 

A syllable is a division of a word. 

A dipthong is the union of two vowels in the 
same syllable. 

Spelling is the art of arranging the letters of 
a word in their order. 

Syllabication is the art of dividing a word 
into syllables. 

5. Monosyllables or words accented on the last 



12 THE COUNTY EXAMINER 

syllable, that end in a single consonant, preceded 
by a single vowel, double the final consonant be- 
fore a suffix beginning with a vowel; as rot — 
rotten, abet — abbetting. 

PAPER NO. IV. 

i. See question for answer. 

2. Consult a dictionary. 

3. Consult a dictionary. 

4. A vowel is a letter that represents a pure vo- 
cal sound. 

A consonant is a letter that cannot be uttered 
without the aid of a vowel sound. 

A prefix is a letter or syllable joined to the 
beginning of a word to modify its meaning. 

A suffix is a letter or syllable joined to the 
end of a word to modify its meaning. 

Prefixes and suffixes are called affixes. 

5. C, x, and q have no sounds of their own. 
F, j> Qy r > x > v > an d z are never silent. 

PAPER NO. V. 

1. See question for answer. 

2. Consult a dictionary. 

3. Consult a dictionary. 

4. W and y are vowels when they represent u 
and 2; when they precede a vowel in the same syl- 
lable they are consonants. 

5. Adjectives of one syllable ending in y change 
the final letter to i on addinor a suffix. 



ANSWERS TO SPELLING 13 

Final e of a radical word is usually retained 
when the suffix begins with a consonant. 

Words ending in a double letter preserve the 
double letter, unless the suffix begins with the same 
letter. 

PAPER NO. VI. 

1. See question for answer. 

2. Consult a dictionary. 

3. Consult a dictionary 

4. Silent letters are used to modify the sounds 
of other letters, and show the origin or definition 
of words. 

5. There are two kinds of accent, primary and 
secondary. 

The primary is denoted thus (' ), the second- 
ary, ( ") . The secondary usually precedes the 
primary. 

PAPER NO. VII. 

1. See question for answer. 

2. Consult a dictionary. 

3. Consult a dictionary. 

4. Synonyms are words that have the same, or 
nearly the same, meaning. 

Homonyms are words that have the same 
sound and spelling, but different meaning. 

5. The diaeresis is a mark placed over one 
vowel, where two come together, to show that each 
belongs to a separate syllable. Ex. cooperation. 



i 4 THE COUNTY BIX A MINER 

PAPER NO. VIII. 

i. See question for answer. 

2. Consult a dictionary. 

3. Consult a dictionary. 

4. M is silent in the word mnemonics. 

Final e is silent when preceded by another 
vowel in the same syllable. 

5. There are forty-two elementary sounds in the 
English language. 

There are more sounds than letters, because 
some letters have more than one sound. 

PAPER NO. IX. 

1. See question for answer. 

2. Consult a dictionary. 

3. Consult a dictionary. 

4. The vowel is the base of every syllable, be- 
cause no syllable can be formed without it. 

5. An alphabet is a list of the letters of a lan- 
guage arranged in order. 

The word alphabet is derived from the two 
Greek letters alpha and beta. 

There are twenty-six letters in the English 
alphabet. 

PAPER NO. X. 

1. See question for answer. 

2. Consult a dictionary. 

3. Consult a dictionary. 

4. Liquids are letters whose sounds unite readily 
with those of other letters. L, m, n, and r, are 



ANSWERS TO SPELLING i 5 

liquids. 

5. Synthesis is the process of combining elemen- 
tary sounds. 

Analysis is the opposite of synthesis, or the 
process of separating a word into its elementary 
sounds. 

Cognates are sounds formed by the same 
organs in different positions. 

A mute is a letter which represents an explo- 
sive sound. 

Pronunciation is uttering a word distinctly, 
giving it the proper quantity and accent. 




QUESTIONS ON READING. 

PAPER NO. I. 

i. Name five requisites necessary for silent reading. 

2. What is articulation? 

3. How are emphatic words distinguished? 

4. What is necessary that a person may give proper 
emphasis in reading? 

5. Name three ways in which a word may be^ made 
emphatic, 

PAPER NO. II. 

1. What is reading? 

2. Name some common errors in articulation. 

3. What is modulation? 

4. "What is the object of emphasis? 

5. Of what relative importance is reading as compared 
with other studies? 

PAPER NO. III. 

1. What is emphasis? 

2. What is monotone? When should it be used? 

3. What do you consider the best method of teaching 
beginners to read? 

4. What is enunciation? 

5. What is a pause? 



QUESTIONS ON READING , 17 

PAPER NO. IV. 

1. What is cadence? 

2. What is stress? Name the different kinds. 

3. What requisites should one possess for audible 
reading? 

4. Upon what is the voice dependent? 

5. In what way can a distinct and correct articulation 
be acquired? 

PAPER NO. V. 

1. What is elocution? 

2. What is meant by the sentence method of teaching 
reading? 

3. What is resonance? 

4. Into what classes is quality divided? 

5. What is pitch? Give its divisions. 

PAPER NO. VI. 

1. What is the word method of teaching reading? 

2. What is quality of voice? 

3.. What is meant by force in reading? 

4. Name the classes into which emphasis is divided? 

5. What should be the position in reading? 

PAPER NO. VII. 

1. Name and define the normal qualities of the voice. 

2. What is meant by compass? 

3. What is quantity? 

4. What is absolute emphasis? 

5. What is meant by soliloquy? 

PAPER NO. VIII. 
1. What is inflection? 



1 8 THE COUNTY EXAMINER 

2. What is relative emphasis? 

3. Of what use are punctuation marks in reading? 

4. What is movement? 

5. Name the three kinds of inflection. 

PAPER NO. IX. 

1. How should a parenthetical expression be read? 

2. When should the falling- inflection be used? The 
rising? The circumflex.? 

3. What is transition? 

4. Name the kinds of poetical pauses. 

5. Why use supplementary reading? 

PAPER NO. X. 

1. Give three ways in which a word maybe made em- 
phatic. 

2. Define plaintive and pectoral tones of voice. 

3. What kinds of sentiment are expressed by the gut 
tural and aspirate tones of the voice? 

4. What is personation? 

5. How should a climax be read? 




ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS ON READING. 

PAPER NO. I. 

1. Silent readers should have vivid imagination, 
clear conception, keen discernment, quick percep- 
tion, good taste and judgment. 

2. Articulation is the science of uttering the 
elementary sounds and their combinations. 

3. Emphatic words are distinguished by italics, 
small capitals and CAPITALS. 

4. In order to emphasize correctly, one should 
understand thoroughly the thought intended to be 
conveyed. 

5. Words may be made emphatic by repetition, 
by position, or by contrast. 

PAPER NO. II. 

1. Reading is the obtaining or expressing of 
thought from the printed page so as to receive or 
impart the meaning intended by the author. 

2. In articulating, errors are made by blending 
the syllables of words; by omitting vowel sounds; 
by dropping the last letters of a syllable or word; 
by the incorrect use of vowel sounds. 



20 THE COUNTY EXAMINER 

3. Modulation is the variation of the speaking 
tones of the voice. 

4. The object of emphasis is to call attention to 
some particular part of a sentence. 

5. Reading is of more importance than any 
other study, because it is said we learn nine- 
tenths of all we know from reading. 

PAPER NO. III. 

1. Emphasis is reading in such a manner as 
to call special attention to one or more words of a 
sentence. 

2. Monotone is reading a selection in the same or 
nearly the same tone throughout. 

It should be used in reading selections that 
possess great solemnity. 

3. The word method is generally the best. 

It is well to teach the letters found in new 
words as they are introduced. 

4. Enunciation is the manner of uttering words. 

5. A pattse is suspension of the voice in 
reading or speaking. 

PAPER NO. IV. 

1. Cadence is the lowering of the voice at the 
close of a sentence or passage. 

2. Stress is the way in which force of voice is 
applied. Stress is divided into radical, medium, 
thorough, vanishing, and intermittent. 

3. For audible reading one should possess all 



ANSWERS TO READING 21 

the requisites necessary for silent reading, and in 
addition good command of voice, imitative power, 
correct articulation, respiratory command and ex- 
pressive action. 

4. The voice is dependent upon a sufficient sup- 
ply of air in the lungs. 

5. A correct articulation can be acquired by 
practice upon the elementary sounds, by reading 
short passages containing words difficult to pro- 
nounce, and by speaking in a whisper. 

PAPER NO. V. 

1. Elocution is the art of expressing thought, 
sentiment or emotion in the most pleasing and 
effective manner. 

2. In teaching by the sentence method, the sen- 
tence is presented as a whole, without reference to 
the words of which it is composed. 

3. By resonance is meant the location from 
which the sound seems to come. 

4. Qttality is divided into two classes, normal 
and abnormal. 

5. Pitch is the variation of the voice from the 
natural key. It is divided into middle, high, and 
low pitch. 

PAPER NO. VI. 

1. In the word method, the word is presented as 
a whole, without reference to the letters of which 
it is composed. 



22 THE COUNTY EXAMINER 

2. Quality of voice is the character or kind of 
tone used. 

3. Force is the degree of energy with which 
sound is uttered. 

4. Emphasis is divided into two classes, absolute 
and relative. 

5. In reading, one should stand erect with the 
left foot slightly in advance of the right, resting the 
weight of the body upon both feet. Hold book in 
left hand with thumb and little finger in front of 
book. The book should be held so that a line 
drawn from the eyes will intersect plane of book 
at right angles. 

PAPER NO. VII. 

1. The normal qualities of the voice are the 
pure tone and orotund. Pure tone is the natural 
tone of the voice, free from any aspiration or 
harshness. Orotund is pure tone deepened, with 
the resonance in the chest. 

2. By compass is meant the range of the voice 
above and below the key note. 

3. Quantity is the time occupied in the utter- 
ance of words or syllables. 

4. Absolute emphasis calls attention to some part 
of a sentence regardless of its relation to any 
other idea. 

5. Soliloquy is the expression of thought by a per- 
son in such a manner as to indicate that he is 
talking to himself. 



ANSWERS TO READING 23 

PAPER NO. VIII. 

1. Inflection is the upward or downward slide of 
the voice. 

2. Relative emphasis is emphasis placed on some 
part of a sentence because of the relation existing 
between it and some other part of the sentence. 

3. The punctuation marks show grammatical 
construction, which enables the reader to under- 
stand what is to be read. 

4. Movement has reference to the rate of utter- 
ance. 

5. The three inflections are the rising, falling and 
circumflex. 

PAPER NO. IX. 

1. A parenthetical expression should be read in 
a lower tone of voice and faster than the remain- 
der of the selection. 

2. The falling inflection is generally used in 
complete statements. The rising in incomplete 
statements. The circumflex to indicate emphasis, 
irony, doubt or contrast. 

3. Transition is the change in the pitch, force, 
quality, quantity or movement of the voice. 

4. There are two kinds of poetical pauses, 
caesural and final. 

5. Supplementary reading gives a variety of 
selections, which tend to increase the interest of 
the pupils. 



24 THE COUNTY EXAMINER 

PAPER NO. X. 

i. We may emphasize by increased stress of 
voice, by a slight pause, or by utterance in a whis- 
per. 

2. The plaintive is a feeble tone with the reson- 
ance in the forward part of the mouth. 

The pectoral is a rough, harsh tone. It 
resmbles the orotund. 

3. The guttural tone indicates anger, hatred, 
contempt or malice. 

The aspirate is used in expressing secrecy, 
fear, caution or surprise. 

4. By personation is meant the power to repre- 
sent the peculiarities of others in speaking. 

5. Climax should be read with a gradual 
increase in intensity, changing both the pitch and 
movement. 




QUESTIONS ON WRITING. 

PAPER NO. I. 

i. What is writing? 

2. Give the principal positions at the desk. 

3. What principles or elements are most used in the 
formation of capitals? 

4. What three main results should be attained in 
writing? 

5. Name and make the principles or elements used in 
writing. 

PAPER NO. II. 

1 . Describe the correct manner of holding the pen. 

2. How should the paper be placed on the desk? 

3. Name the classes into which the small letters are 
divided. 

4. What is meant by base line, head line, intermediate 
line, top line? 

5. What is the height of the capitals above the base 
line? 

PAPER NO. III. 

1. What is meant by space in writing? 

2. Name the movements employed in penmanship. 
Which do you consider the best? 



26 THE COUNTY EXAMINER 

3. Which is the longest of the small letters? Which 
the widest? 

4. What do you consider the best time of day for 
writing? 

5. Analyze the letters in the word "Company." 

PAPER NO. IV. 

1. Define main slant. Connective slant. 

2. What is the height of the figures as compared with 
the letters? 

3. Where are the small letters finished? 

4. What is an angle? 

5. Analyze the letters "M," "d," "f," "v," "x." 

PAPER NO. V. 

1. What constitutes good penmanship? 

2. In what grade should the use of pen and ink in 
writing be introduced? 

3. From what are the principles governing penman- 
ship derived? 

4. What space is allowed between the letters of a 
word? 

5. Analyze the letters in the word "Fight." 

PAPER NO. VI. 

1. What is the unit of measuring the height and width 
of letters? 

2. Which of the different movements is regarded the 
best for business purposes? 

3. Name in order the short letters, the semi-extended 
letters, the loop letters. 



QUESTIONS ON WRITING 27 

4. What is the whole arm movement? What is its 
value? 

5. Analyze the letters in the word "lurk." 

PAPER NO. VII. 

1. How far do/", g, j, y, and 2 extend below the base 
line? 

2. What is shading? In what letters are the different 
forms of the shaded strokes represented? 

3. How many spaces are allowed between the words 
of a sentence? Between sentences? 

4. What is the difference between the vertical and 
slant systems of writing? Give an advantage of each. 

5 Analyze the letters "A," "S," "j," "w," k 'b," "s," 
"e." 

PAPER NO. VIII. 

1. Which do you consider of the most importance in 
writing, legibility or rapidity? 

2. What is a degree as used in writing? 

3. How far do/ and q extend below the base line? 

4. Define straight line, right, and left curve. 

5. What capitals should be shaded on the first down- 
ward stroke? 

PAPER NO. IX. 

1. What is meant by analysis of letters? 

2. Where do the small letters begin? 

3. What should be the first lesson in writing with a 
pen? 

4. Define compound curve, point, and turn. 



2S THE COUNTY EXAMINER 

5. Analyze the letters "E," "T," "c," "q," "z." 
PAPER NO. X. 

1. Give the height of the three classes of small letters. 

2. At what point do the extended loops cross above 
the base line? 

3. What is meant by form? In what way does a 
study of form aid in making a good penman? 

4. Define horizontal, vertical, and oblique line. 

5. Describe the arm rest, the hand rest. 




ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS ON WRITING. 

PAPER NO. I. 

i. Writing is tracing characters with the pen. 

2. The front, right, and right obliqtce are the prin- 
cipal positions at the desk. 

3. The direct oval, the reversed oval and the cap- 
ital stem are the principles most used to form the 
capitals. 

4. The chief results to be attained in writing are 
legibility, rapidity and neatness. 

5. The principles or elements used in writing, ac- 
cording to the Spencerian system, are as follows: 

Straight line on slant of 52 degrees (/); right 
curve {S)', left curve {/')', extended loop (/); di- 
rect oval ( i^y)', reversed oval ( / ), and capital 
stem (C/\ 

PAPER NO. II. 

1. The staff should be held between the thumb 
and first and second fingers, crossing the second 



jo THE CO UNTY EX A MINER 

finger at the root of the nail, the first finger a little 
forward of the knuckle, the hand resting lightly on 
the nails of the third and fourth fingers. The 
thumb should touch the holder opposite the joint 
of the first finger; the wrist flat to the paper, with 
the holder pointing over the right shoulder. 

2. The paper should be placed on the desk in 
such a manner that the arm will form a right angle 
with the ruled lines of the paper. 

3. The small letters are divided into three 
classes: the short letters, the semi-extended letters, 
and the loop letters. 

4. The base line is the line, real or imaginary, 
on which the letters rest. 

The head line marks the height of the small- 
est letters. 

The intermediate line marks the height of the 
semi-extended letters. 

The top line marks the height of the extend- 
ed letters. 

5. The capitals extend three spaces above the 
base line. 

PAPER NO. III. 

1. Space in writing means distance, as applied 
either to the letters in height or width, or to the 
distance jet n letters, words, or sentences. 

2. The movements employed in penmanship 
are finger, forearm or muscular, whole arm, combined 
forearm and finger, and combined whole arm and 



ANSWERS TO WRITING 31 



The combined forearm and finger is consid- 
ered the best. 

3. The longest of the small letters is_/~, and the 
widest m. 

4. Various answers are given to this question, 
but the generally accepted opinion is that the writ- 
ing exercise should be just before an intermission, 
when the nerves are steady and the mind needs a 
rest from hard study. 

5- 



i ^M^MJ^A^ir Am 




PAPER NO. IV. 

1. The main slant is the slant given to the main 
or downward stroke and forms an angle of 52 de- 
grees with the horizontal. 

The connective slant marks the lines connect- 
ing the downward strokes and forms an angle of 30 
degrees with the horizontal. 

2. The figures are one and one-half spaces, except 
7 and 9, which extend one-half space below the 
other figures, and 6 which extends one-half space 
above the others. 

3. The small letters are finished one space above 
the base line, or at the head line. 



32 THE COUNTY EXAMINER 

4. An angle is the space between two lines meet- 
ing at a point. 

5. 




PAPER NO. V. 

1. In good penmanship the letters should be 
made uniform in size and have the proper slant 
and space. 

2. Answers differ, but the opinion most ad- 
vanced is to introduce pen and ink in the third 
grade. 

3. The principles of penmanship are obtained 
from the practice of the best penmen. 

4. One and one-quarter spaces are allowed be- 
tween the letters of a word. 

5- 





PAPER NO. VI. 
1. The height of letters is measured by small t, 



ANSWERS TO WRITING jj 

not counting the dot, and the width is measured by 
the distance between the two downward strokes in 
small u, 

2. The combined forearm and finger movement 
is usually regarded the best for business purposes. 

3. The short letters are, a, c, e, z, m, n, 0, r, s, u, 
v, w, x; the semi-extended, d, p, q, t; the loop, b,f, 
g, k, /, k, l, y, z. 

4. The whole arm movement is the free use of 
the arm in writing in which no rest is given. This 
movement is used in making capitals, blackboard 
work and sign painting. 

5. 

PAPER NO. VII. 

1. The letters f, g,j,y and z extend two spaces 
below the base line. 

2. Shading is writing so as to make a heavy line 
by pressure on pen to increase the ink supply. The 
five forms of shaded strokes are represented in the 
letters t, p, /, y and O. 

3. There should be one and one-half spaces be- 
tween the downward stroke of the last letter of a 
word and the beginning of the first letter of the 
succeeding word. The space between sentences 
should be twice as great. 





34 THE COUNTY EXAMINER 

4. In the vertical system of writing the main or 
downward strokes are made on a perpendicular, 
while in the slant system the main downward 
strokes are on a slant of 52 degrees. 

As a rule the vertical is more legible, but 
the slant can be written with greater rapidity. 

5- 




^J0^/1TJ&J^ 



PAPER NO. VIII. 

1. Rapidity is of much importance, but legi- 
bility is of more, because writing should be easily 
read. 

2. A degree in writing is one-twentieth of the 
space between the base line, and a perpendicular 
made thereto, and is measured from the base line 
which is horizontal. 

3. The letters p and q extend one and one-half 
spaces below the base line. 

4. A straight line in writing is one that does 
not curve. 

A right curve is a line that curves to the right. 
A left curve is one that curves to the left. 

5. The capitals Q ,U, V, W, X, Y, Z should be 
shaded on the first downward stroke. 



ANSWERS TO WRITING 35 

PAPER NO. IX. 

i. By analysis of letters is meant a separation 
into the principles or elements of which they are 
composed. 

2. The small letters begin on the base line. 

3. The first lesson in writing with a pen should 
be to teach the correct manner of holding it. 

4. A compound curve consists of two simple 
curves, right and left, joined so as to form one 
line having the same general direction. 

A point is the angular joining of two lines. 
A turn is the merging of one line into 
another. 



4 J 



to/ 



id/^^f'i 



PAPER NO. X. 



1. The short letters are one space, with the ex- 
ception of r and s, which are one and one-quarter 
spaces; the semi-extended letters are two spaces; 
and the loop letters are three spaces. 

2. The extended loop letters cross at the head 
line. 

3. By form is meant the general shape of the 
letters. Without understanding form or having in 
mind a correct form of the letters, it is impossible 



j6 THE COUNTY EXAMINER 

to become a good penman. 

4. A horizontal line in writing is one that ex- 
tends horizontally across the paper. 

A vertical line is one that forms a perpendic- 
ular with the base line. 

An oblique line is one that slants either to the 
right or left of a perpendicular. 

5. The rest of the arm upon the muscles of the 
forearm is called the arm rest. 

The rest of the hand on the third and 
fourth fingers of the hand is called the hand rest. 




PROBLEMS IN ARITHMETIC. 

PAPER NO. I. 

i. A bin 12 ft. long and 6 ft. wide must be how high 
to hold 500 bushels of corn? 

2. The difference between the interest of a $660 loan 
at 5% per annum and a $750 loan at 6% per annum for 
the same time is $1.60. Find the time. 

3. Reduce -5-Jirfi to its lowest terms and express the 
result as a decimal. 

4. What number is that whose -J exceeds its £ by 90? 

5. What sum of money invested in U. S. 4's at 113-f, 
brokerage -J-, will secure an annual income of $860? 

6. Louisville, Ky., is 85 ° 25' West longitude and 
Peking, China, 11 6° 26' East longitude. When it is 5 
minutes after 2 o'clock Monday morning at Peking, what 
is the hour and day of the week at Louisville? 

7. Change 2 lb. 3 oz. 4 pwt. 5 gr. Troy to pounds 
Avoirdupois. 

8. What will be the cost of a pile of wood 16 meters 
long, 3 meters wide and four meters high at $1.40 per 
ster? 

9. If wheat is selling in the market at 76 ct. a bushel, 
how many bushels will I receive in exchange for 500 bu- 
shels of corn sold through a commission merchant at 50 
ct. a bushel, provided 2% is charged for selling the 



jS THE COUNTY EXAMINER 

corn and i-|% for buying the wheat? 

10. The proceeds of a four months' note discounted 
at a bank at 6% per annum the day it was made, were 
$600. Find the face of the note. 

PAPER NO. II. 

1. How many bushels of corn will it take to fill a 
hogshead that holds 275 gallons of water? 

2. How must goods be marked so as to deduct 25% 
from the marked price and still make 15% on the cost 
price? 

3. What principal at i\% will yield $204 interest in 
3 yr. 4 mo. 24 da? 

4. I paid $38.40 for insuring a house worth $4800 for 
\ of its value. What was the rate? 

5. In a school room 30 ft. long, 27 ft. 4 in. wide, 13 ft. 
high, there are 50 pupils, each breathing \o\ cu. ft. of 
air per minute. How long will they be in consuming 
the air in the room? 

6. How many bricks, each 8 in. long and 4 in. wide, 
will be required to pave a sidewalk 20 rods long and 8 
ft. wide? 

7. An agent received 4% commission for collecting a 
debt and sent the owner $2676. What was the sum of 
money collected? 

8. The diagonal of a square field is 80 rd. What 
will it cost to fence the field at 21 c. a rod? 

9. If 150 men in 9 days of 8 hours each can dig 
a trench 120 yd. long, 6 yd. wide and 4 yd. deep, in how 
many days of 10 hours each will it take 90 men to dig a 
trench 400 yd. long, 4 yd. wide and 3 yd. deep? 



PROBLEMS IN ARITHMETIC 39 

10. Provided the earth is 8000 miles in diameter and 
its crust is 50 miles thick, what is the solid contents of 
the molten interior? 

PAPER NO. III. 

1. Find the simple interest on a note of $258.50 due 
in 2 yr. 7 mo. 18 da., interest 6%. 

2. Add eight hundred and ninty- three thousandths; 
seven hundred fifty-three hundredths; forty-nine tenths. 
From the sum subtract eleven ten-thousandths, multiply 
the remainder by forty-three thousandths, and divide the 
product by twenty-seven and five tenths. 

3. At $1.64 a bushel, what will be the cost of 13 bu. 
3 pk. 4 qt. of fruit? 

4. A man bought stock at 122-I- and received $200 
when a 2\°/ dividend was declared. What sum was in- 
vested? 

5. Find the face of a note that will yield $430.72 
proceeds when discounted at a bank for 90 days at 6%. 

6. One side of a square field is 3 ch. 50 1. What will 
the land cost at $12 per acre? 

7. A man insures his life, taking out an endowment 
policy for $1000 for 10 years, annual premium $45.10. 
How much money will he be out at the end of the time, 
counting money worth 6 % ? 

8. A can do a piece of work in 3J- days, B in 4 days, 
and C in $\ days. How long will it take all of them 
working together to do the same work? 

9. A merchant buys goods subject to trade discounts 
of 25, 10 and 5 off and sells out for $517. 50 making a 
profit of 1 5 % on the purchase. What did he pay for the 



4 o THE COUNTY EXAMINER 

goods? 

10. The diagonal of a square floor is 22 ft. 6 in. Find 
the length of one side of the room. 

PAPER NO. IV. 

1. I have three piles of apples containing 105, 231, 
and 1 00 1 bushels, respectively. What is the largest sack 
possible that can be used so as to have all the apples in 
each pile sacked and not mixed? 

2. If $72.42 is paid for the use of $340 for 3 yr. 6 mo. 
18 da. what is the rate of interest? 

3. How many square inches of leather will cover a 
ball 2\ inches in diameter? 

4. Simplify — X H : 

9l 2 4| 5f x 5f 
5 I sell a horse for $164.70 and lose &\%. For what 
should I have sold him to make a gain of 8-|-%? 

6. The cube root of a number is 256. What is the 
square root of the same number? 

7. How many pounds of gold will it take to balance a 
bag of feathers that weighs 3 lb. 8 oz. ? 

8. A cubical cellar contains 133 1 cu. ft. What will it 
cost to cement the walls and floor at 10 c. a square foot? 

9. An agent receives 424 barrels of flour which he 
sells at $5 per barrel, charging 4% for selling. If the pro- 
ceeds be invested in cotton at 11c. per pound, commis- 
sion i-|%, how many pounds can he buy? 

10. A rectangular figure is 40 ft. long and 30 ft. wide. 
How far is it from the center of the figure to each of the 
four corners? 



QUESTIONS ON ARITHMETIC 41 

PAPER NO. V. 

1. Divide $4662 among A, B, and C in the ratio of \, 
i and J. 

2. Sold goods on commission of 3% and received for 
my services $234. For what did the goods sell? 

3. Sidney, Australia is 15 1° 11' East longitude. 
When it is noon at Sidney, what is the time at Green- 
wich, England? 

4. Two trees stand erect 120 feet apart. A limb 
springs from one of the trees 50 feet from the ground, 
and one from the other 90 feet from the ground. What 
is the distance between the places on the trees from 
which the limbs spring? 

5. What income will be obtained by investing $10250 
in 4% stock at io2-|-? 

6. The compound interest on a certain sum for 2 yr. , 
payable annually at 6%, is $61.80. What is the principal? 

7. The diameter of a cylindrical reservoir is 28 feet. 
How many barrels, each containing 3 i\ gallons, must be 
drawn off to lower the surface one foot? 

8. A, who travels at the rate of 5f miles an hour, 
leaves a certain place 5 hours in advance of B, who trav- 
els at the rate of 6f miles an hour. In how many hours 
will B overtake A, and how far will they have traveled? 

9. An agent took a risk at if % and re-insured ^ of it 
at 2\<f and \ at i-J-%. What rate of insurance does he 
get on the remainder? 

10. What will be the true discount of $324.50 due in 1 
yr. 8 mo. 15 da., if discounted at 6 %1 

PAPER NO. VI. 
1. What is the simple interest on $237.50 from Jan. 



42 THE COUNTY EXAMINER 

i, 1905, to Feb. 23, 1907, at 6%. 

2. Reduce 10% of 3 da. 15 hr. 30 min. to the decimal 
of a week. 

3. The telegraph poles along a railway line, are 200 
feet apart, and a train passes a pole every five seconds. 
What is its speed? 

4. At what time between 4 and 5 o'clock will the hour 
and minute hands of a clock be together? 

5. What is the solid contents of a globe that is 8 
inches in diameter? 

6. A water tank can be filled by one pipe in 2 hr. 45 
min., by another in 2 hr. and 10 min., and emptied by a 
third in 1 hr. 50 min. If all the pipes are left open how 
long will it take to fill the tank? 

7. If a man owes $2500, what sum paid yearly will 
cancel the debt, principal, and interest at the end of 
three years, reckoning it at 6% simple interest? 

8. If a ten-foot rafter be used on a house 30 ft. long 
and the shingles be laid 4-^ in. to the weather, how many 
will it take to cover the two sides of the roof? 

9. A sum of money is sent a commission merchant 
who is instructed to buy flour at $5 per barrel. If 
his commission at 2-f % amounts to $27.50, how many 
barrels of flour can be purchased? 

10. The hypotenuse of a right angle triangle is 40 
feet, the base and perpendicular are equal. What is 
their length? 

PAPER NO. VII. 

1. What will be the cost of a 60 day draft on Louis- 
ville for $2163.25, exchange i\% discount, interest 6%? 



PROBLEMS IN ARITHMETIC 43 

2. 8* + 9*-5-9* 

— i+-r- \ = what? 

84 _l_ j-1 _i_ 1 ' 

3. What is the volume of the largest sphere that can 
be cut from a cube whose diagonal is 6 feet? 

4. Two fields each containing 5 acres, one in the form 
of a square and the other a circle, are to be fenced at 16 f 
c. per rod. Which will cost the more and how much? 

5. What is the face of a 60 day note which when dis- 
counted at a bank at 6%, yields $560.34? 

6. A person has $12000 invested so as to yield 4%. 
If the stock in this investment is sold at 92, and stock 
yielding an annual income of 6J% is bought at 150, what 
is the change in income? 

7. The fore wheel of a wagon is 16 ft. 6 in. in circum- 
ference and the hind wheel 19 ft. 5 in. How many revo- 
lutions will the fore wheel have made when the hind wheel 
has made 860? 

8. In what time will a note of $175 amount to $212. 10, 
interest 6% per annum? 

9. I sold two horses for $190, gained 20% on one and 
lost 20% on the other. I lost $10. What did each cost? 

10. Find the cost at $15 per thousand of 80 pieces of 
lumber 15 ft. long by 16 in. wide by 2 in. thick. 

PAPER NO. VIII. 

1. How long will it take any principal at 6% to double 
itself? 

2. A, B, C, and D rent 57 A., 96 sq. rd. of land at 
$3.75 per acre. A puts in 72 sheep; B, 80 ; C, 96; D, 112. 
What must each pay? 

3. What will be the cost of 90 dekagrams of butter at 
20 c. a pound? 



44 THE COUNTY EXAMINER 

4. I +5f °ff 

= what ? 

i of 51+1 

5. The difference between the bank and true discount 

of a note for 2 yr. 6 mo. at 6% is $6.40. What is the 
face of the note? 

6. It costs $12 to insure a house for J of its value at 
i-i%. What is the value of the house? 

7. Which is the more profitable investment, 3% stock 
at 8 2-1- or 3-|% stock at 96? 

8. The dirt from an excavation 100 by 50 by 10 feet 
is spread over a city lot 50 by 132 feet. How high will 
the surface of the lot be raised? 

9. Sold wheat on commission at 5%. Invested the net 
proceeds in bacon, commission 2%. My whole commis- 
sion is $105. What is the value of the wheat? 

10. A conical stack of hay is 20 ft. high, and its base 
diameter is 12 feet. What is its weight, allowing 4^ 
pounds to the cu. ft? 

PAPER NO. IX. 

1. Find the cost of plastering the walls and ceiling of 
a room 18 ft. long, 15 ft. wide and 9 ft. high at 15 c. a 
sq. yd., allowing 5 yd. for openings. 

7-f 1 7-I- 2 T 5 4 

2. Simplify: -— X ]-(i.oo3 X 2.40-i-f- i.oo-J-) 

4o| 73 2 ttt 

3. Find a sum of money whose true discount for 2 yr. 
$25 more at 6% than at 4% per annum. 

4. I invested C 2: 5° i& Q- and O. stock at 112 and sold 
at 95 ; brokerage -J% on each transaction. If the proceeds 
be invested in cotton at $27.50 per bale, how many bales 
can be bought? 



PROBLEMS IN ARITHMETIC 45 

5. Find the cost of paving- a walk 130 centimeters 
wide and -f of a kilometer long - at $1.15 a square meter. 

6. What principal will amount to $464.75 in 3 yr. 2 mo. 
10 da. at 6%. 

7. By two successive discounts of 15% and 10%, the 
list price of a bill of goods was reduced $300.80. What 
did the g-oods cost? 

8. How many bricks will be required for a building, 
the walls of which are 1 ft. thick, 30 ft. long, 20 ft. 
wide and 12 ft. high? 

9. A cylindrical cistern 12 ft, deep and 10 ft. in diam- 
eter will hold how many hogsheads? 

10. A can walk around a circular island in 25 hours, B, 
in 35 hours, and C, in 45 hours. If they start at the 
same time and walk in the same direction, how long will 
it be before they meet again at the same place? 

PAPER NO. X. 

1. If a car run 16 mi. 25 rd. in 40 min., how far, at 
the same rate, will it run in 12 hours. 

2. What will a 60 day draft for $1380 cost when ex- 
change is \°lc premium and interest 7%? 

3. Find the compound interest on $400 for 1 yr. 8 mo. 
15 da., at 6%, payable semi-annually. 

4. The longitude of Pittsburg, Penn., is 8o° 2' West, 
and Sitka, Alaska, is 135 19' 42" West. When it is 
10 a.m., at Sitka, what is the time at Pittsburg? 

7iX|+ -5 , -°*5 

5. — - — 1-075 -) = what? 

2i-h2 X i-4 I 

6. Five men can do a piece of work in 9 days. How 
soon after beginning must they be joined by two more 
men so as to complete the work in 8 days? 



46 THE COUNTY EXAMINER 

7. A field is 20 rd. wide and 80 rd. long. What is it 
worth at 40 c. per square meter? 

8. What will it cost to paper the walls of a room 18 ft. 
long, 16 ft. 6 in. wide and 10 ft. in height from base- 
board to ceiling, if the paper cost 16 c. a roll? 

9. What is the side of the greatest square beam that 
can be hewn from a log 4 feet in diameter. 

10. If a grain elevator contains 1000 bushels of wheat 
and it empties into a car by a continuous stream with a 
velocity of 36 feet per minute, what will be the diameter 
of the smallest pipe that will empty all the wheat in 2 
hours? 




ANSWERS TO PROBLEMS IN 
ARITHMETIC. 

PAPER NO. I. 

i. 2150.4 cu. in. in one bushel X 500= 1075200, 
entire number of cu. in. in the bin. 

12 X 6 X 144 = 10368, area of bottom in sq. in. 

1075200 - 10368 = 103.7 +, which is the height 
in inches. 

103.7 -s- 12 = 8.6+ ft. Ans. 

2. h% of $660= $33, one year's interest. 
6fo of $750 = $45, one year's interest. 

$45 — $33 = $12, difference in interest at 
stated per cents for 12 months. 

$12 -s- 12 = $1, difference for one month. 
$1.60 -*- $1 = 1.6 mo. or 1 mo. 18 da. Ans. 

3. The G. C. D. of the numerator and denom- 
inator of the fraction is 2025. The result of divid- 
ing each of the terms of the fraction by this 
number is 2V; and 9 -s- 25 = .36. Ans. 

A 5. = *JL anH 4—32 

4. 8 40 ana y -j-g-, 

if — ii == -tTft which is the difference in 
the fractions and equals 90. Then, if -£$■ = 90, ¥ V = 
i of 90, or 30, and f£ = 30 X 40 = 1200. Ans. 

5. 113f + I brokerage = 113^, total cost of bonds 



4 8 THE COUNTY EXAMINER 

in per cent. 

A% = $860, 
lfo=$215 i 

llSJtfc = $24402.50. Ans. 

6. 85° 25', longitude of Louisville, + 116° 26', 
longitude of Peking, = 201° 51', which, being more 
than 180°, one-half the distance around the earth, 
you subtract the sum from 360° and have left 158° 
9', the difference in longitude between the two 
cities, which divided by 15, gives 10 hr. 32 min. 36 
sec, the real difference in time between the two 
places. Louisville being east of Peking, the differ- 
ence in time added to the time at Peking, gives 37 
min. 36 sec. past noon Monday; but because of the 
fact that the International Date Line has been 
crossed, a day must be aepfeG^making the time 37 
min. 36 sec. past noon Tttescra^yAns. 

7. 2 lb. 3 oz. 4 pwt. 5 gr. =13061 grains, which -*- 
7000, the number of grains in a lb. avoirdupois, 
gives 1.86+ lb. Ans. 

8. 16 X 3 X 4= 192 cubic meters or sters, both 
terms meaning the same. Then $1.40 X 192 = 
$268.80. Ans. 

9. $0.50 X 500 = $250 
2% of $250 = $5 

$250 -r- $5 = $245, proceeds from sale of corn. 
101^ = $245 

Ifo = $2.4137+ 
100% = $241.37+, the amount left after de- 
ducting the \\% r to buy wheat. 



ANSWERS TO ARITHMETIC 49 

$241.37 -*- .76 = 317.59+ bu. Ans. 
io. Int. on $1 for 4 mo. at 6% = 2 c. 

$1 — .02 = .98, proceeds on one dollar for the 
given time. 

The given proceeds, $600 -s- .98 = $612.24. 
Ans. 

PAPER NO. II. 

i. 231 cu. in. in 1 gal. water X 275 — 
63525, number of cu. in. in hhd. -s- 
2150.4, number of cu. in. in bushel = 
29.5+. Ans. 

2. 100% = marked price — 25% == 75%, the 
amount in % of the marked price the goods sold 
for. As the goods are sold so as to make 15%, 
they will sell for 15% more than the cost price, or 
115%: then 

75% = 115% 

1% = -w-% 

100% = -W- X 100 = 153|%. Ans. 

3. 3 yr. 4 mo. 24 da. = 3|- yrs. 7!% interest for 
one year X 3f = 25|-% interest in % for given time: 
then 

25|-% = $204 

1% =$8 
100 % = $800. Ans. 

4. I of $4800 = $3200, the amount for which the 
house is insured. , 

$3200 = 100% 
$1 = 3-V% 



So THE COUNTY EXAMINER 

$38.40 = ¥ V X 38.40 = 1.2% . Ans. 

5. 30 X 27i X 13 = 10660 cu. ft. in room. If one 
pupil consumes 10£ cu. ft. in one minute, fifty will 
consume in one minute 10J X 50 = 525 cu. ft. 
10660 -s- 525 — 20.3. Ans. 

6. 20 rd. = 3960 in. length, and 8 ft. = 96 in. 
width: then 3960 X 96 = 380160 sq. in. in the side- 
walk and 8 X 4 = 32 sq. in. in one brick. 380160 -s- 
32 = 11880 brick. Ans. 

7. 100% — 4% =96% amount in % after deduct- 
ing the commission. 

96% = $2676 

1 = $27,875 
100% = $2787.50. Ans. 

8. The diagonal of a square figure, squared and 
divided by two, gives the area of it: therefore, 80 
X 80 = 6400 -5-2 = 3200, area of field. V3200 = 56 
.56 rd. length of one side of field X 4 = 226.24 rd. 
which at 21 c. a rod. gives $47.51. Ans. 

9. This is a problem in compound proportion 
and can besolved by Cause and Effect under the 
following model: 

1 Cause 1 Effect 2 Cause 2 Effect 

150 men 120 yd. long 90 men 400 yd. long 

9 days 6 yd. wide ( — ) days 4 yd' wide 

8 hrs. 4 yd. deep 10 hrs. 3 yd. deep 

If, after the statement is made as under the above 
model the blank or missing number, which when 
found, will be the answer, is required in the 1 Effect 



ANSWERS TO ARITHMETIC 



5i 



or 2 Cause, all the numbers under these two heads 
form the divisor of a cancellation and the 1 Cause 
and 2 Effect the dividend; but if the blank or mis- 
sing number, which is to be the answer, is required 
in the 1 Cause or 2 Effect, then the numbers under 
these two heads will form the divisor of a cancella- 
tion and the numbers under the 1 Effect and 2 
Cause the dividend. 

150 X 9 X 8 X 400 X 4X3 

120X6X4X 90X( — )X10 = 2 ° ^ AnS ' 
10. 8000— (SOX 2 twice the thickness of the 
earth's crust) = 7900 miles, the diameter of the 
molten interior. To find the solid contents of a 
sphere, cube the diameter and multiply by .5236; 
consequently, (7900 ) s X .5236 = 258,155,220,400 cu. 
mi. Ans. 



PAPER NO. III. 



1. 



$258.50 
.06 



6 mo. 

1 " 
15 da. 
3 " 





$15.5100 




2 




$31.0200 


iyr. 


7.7550 


\ of 6 mo. 


1.2925 


\ mo. 


.6462 


-§- of 15 da. 


.1292 



Int. for 1 year. 

Int. for 2 years. 
" " 6 months. 

" " 15 days. 

it tt o a 



$40.84 Ans. 



2. .893 + 7.53+4.9 = 13.323 — .0011 == 13.3219 



j 2 THE COUNTY EXAMINER 

X .043 = .572841 7 -*- 27.5 — .02083. Ans. 

3. In one bu. there are 32 qt. 3 pk. 4 qt. = 28 qt. 
which is |f or f bu. making in all 13-J bu. The 
price of one bu. $1.64 X 13-J = $22.75. Ans. 

4. The dividend in % = the dividend in money; 
then 

nM = $200 






1% = $80 
122J- % =$9800. Ans. 

5. Int. on $1 for 90 da. at 6fc = .015 c. $1 — 
.015 = .985 the proceeds of $1 for the given time. 
The entire proceeds $430.72 -*- .985 = $437.28. Ans. 

6. 3 ch. 50 1. = 350 1. 7 T W in. in one 1. X 350 = 
2772 in. which reduced up under the table gives 14 



rd. 



14 X 14 -V160 = l ¥ 9 o Acres. 
$12 X 1 ¥ V = $14.70. Ans. 

7. $45.10 X 10 = $451, the cost of the ten yearly 
premiums. Each of the premiums bear interest 
from its payment to the end of the ten years. The 
interest on the first payment, which is made when 
the policy is issued, is for ten years; the one which 
is made at the beginning of the second year is for 
nine, etc., making in all an amount of interest 
equivalent to the interest on $45.10 at 6% for 55 yr., 
which is $148.83; and this -f the amount of the pre- 
miums = $599.83. Ans. 

8. If A can do the work in 3 J days, he can do f 
of it in one day; if B can do it in 4 days, he can do 



ANSWERS TO ARITHMETIC 53 

\ of it in one day; and if C can do it in 5J days, he 
can do -f^ of it in one day; and all of them working 
together, can do, in one day, f -f \ + ^ == f f | of 
the work. It will take as many days as f|| is con- 
tained times in 1, or 1AV days. Ans. 

9. If he makes a profit of 15%, he sells for 115 
% of the cost price. Then as the cost in % = the 
cost in money, 

115% = $517.50 

1% = $4.50 
100% = $450, which is the real cost to the 
merchant after he has received the advantage of 
the three successive discounts. These discounts 
are equal to a single discount of 35.875%, which, 
when deducted from the wholesale merchant's list 
price, 100%, leaves 64.125%, then 
64.125% = $450 
1% = $7.0175 
100% = $701.75. Ans. 
10. The diagonal, 22J ft. X 22£ ft. = 506.25 sq. ft. 
which, -*- 2, gives an area equal to the area of the 
floor, 253.125 sq. ft, then V253.125 = 15.9+ ft. Ans. 

PAPER NO. IV. 

1. The G. C. D. of 105, 231, and 1001 is 7, conse- 
quently the largest sack possible to fulfill the con- 
ditions will hold but 7 bu. Ans. 



2. 3 yr. 6 mo. 18 da. = U\ yr. $72.42 -s- 3 1 



1 1 
2 



$20.4(3, interest on the given principal for one year. 

$340 = 100% 



54 THE COUNTY EXAMINER 

ft = t\% 
$20.40 = A X 20.40 = Qfo . Ans. 

3. ^The area of a sphere is found by multiplying 
the square of the diameter by 3.1416; then 2f X 2£ 
X 3.1416 = 19.635 sq. in, Ans. 

4. 9i 20 , 17f 32 

— = and = — 

9| 21 24f 45 



20 



4 1 



.0 V 3 2 — 128 _jf_ — 6 3 a „ ^1 
YT A 4T TO"' ^g 10) ana 

3. 

8 



2 1 



15 5 



¥¥0"' 
l — qq i i 28 = qqi 28 Ant; 

fTT ^O r T"kTT OOT7T9 • /TLllb. 



"§~0" ' 880 °° ' 181 °°l¥9 

5. 100% — 8-J-^ = 91J%, the selling price of 
horse. 100% + H% = 108$ fo> what would have 
been selling price of horse if sold at a gain of 8$%. 

91$ fo = $164.70 
1% =*= $1.80 
108^% = 1.80 X 108J = $195.30. Ans. 

6. (256) s = 16777216, which is the number. 
V16777216 = 4096. Ans. 

7. 3 lb. 8 oz. avoirdupois = 3$ lb. One lb. avoir- 
dupois has 7000 gr. and 3$ lb, has 7000 X B$ = 
24500 gr. 

One lb, Troy has 5760 gr. and it will take as 
many pounds Troy to equal or balance the 3$ lb, 
avoirdupois as 5760 is contained times in 24500, 
which is 4 ¥ y ¥ lb. Troy. Ans. 



ANSWERS TO ARITHMETIC 55 

8. The cube root of 1331 = 11, which is the length 
of one side of the cellar in feet. 11 X 11 = 121 sq. 
ft., the area of one of the 5 equal sides of the cel- 
lar; then 121 X 5 = 605 sq. ft., area of the 5 sides, 
which, at 10 c. a sq. ft. =$60.50, Ans. 

9. $5 X 424 = $2120, selling price of flour. 
100^—4 = 96^ 

100^ = $2120 
1%= $21.20 
96^ = $2035.20, net proceeds from sale 
of flour. 

ioo# + ii# = ioii# 

101i-% = $2035.20 
1% = $20,0512 
100^ = $2005,12, amount of money left, af- 
ter deducting agent's commission, to be invested in 
cotton. 

$2005.12 -s- 11 = 18228^- lb. cotton. Ans. 
10. One-half of the diagonal of the rectangle will 
be the distance from the center of the rectangle to 
each of the four corners. As the diagonal of the 
rectangle is the same as the hypotenuse of a right 
angle triangle, (40) 3 + (30) 3 = 2500 and the V2500 
-J- 2 = 25 ft. Ans. 

PAPER NO. V. 

1. i==U, b = U, v = U; making in all fj, or 37 
parts, of which A receives 15; B, 12, and C, 10. 

If 37 parts = $4662 
1 part = $126 



5 6 * THE COUNTY EXAMINER 

15 parts = $1890, the am't A receives, 
12 parts = $151:2, the am't B receives, 
10 parts = $1260, the am't C receives. 

2. The commission in °/c will — the commission 
in money, then 

3?e = $234 
1% = $78 
100% = 78 X 100 = $7800. Ans. 

3. As Greenwich has no longitude, the difference 
in longitude between the two places is 151° 11/, the 
longitude of Sidney, which, divided by 15 = 10 hr. 
4 min. 44 sec. As Greenwich is west of Sidney the 
difference in time must be subtracted from the time 
at Sidney to obtain Greenwich time, which is 10 hr. 
4 min. 44 sec. earlier in the day, or 55 min. 16 sec. 
after one A. M. Ans. 

4. The distance between the trees, 120 ft., is the 
base of a right angle triangle and 90 — 50= 40, the 
perpendicular distance from a point opposite the 
50 foot limb on one tree to the 90 foot limb on the 
other. The hypotenuse which is to be found is the 
distance between the two points on the trees from 
which the limbs spring; therefore, (120) 2 -f (40) 2 
= 16000, which is the sum of the two squares built 

on the base and perpendicular, and Vl6000 = 126 
.49-1- ft. Ans. 

Z. Tie income on stocks is computed on the par 
value. 

102.b% =$10250 



ANSWERS TO ARITHMETIC 57 

1^=$100 

±% = $400. Ans. 

6. The compounnd interest on Si for 2 yr. at 6% 
is .1236, then the compound interest on the princi- 
pal, $01.80 -*- .1236 = $500. Ans. 

7. 28 -s- 2 = 14, radius of reservoir in feet. 14 X 
14 X 3.1416 X 144 = 88668.5184, area of reservoir in 
sq. in. X 12 = 1064022,2208, cu. in. in depth of 1 foot. 
231 X 31^ = 7276.5 cu. in. in one barrel. To lower 
the surface 1 foot would require a removal of 
1064022.2208 cu. in. of water, and, as one bbl. con- 
tains 7276.5 cu. in., as many barrels must be drawn 
off as 7276.5 is contained in 1064022.2208, which is 
146.22+. Ans. 

8. 5f X 5 = 28| mi., the distance A travels before 
B starts. 

6-f — 5f = yi m i-> the distance B gains on A 
in one hour. 

28| -j- ri= 31-jV, hours B will be in overtaking 
A, and as both have traveled the same distance, then 

6f-X 31^=209^ mi., distance each has 
traveled. Ans. 

9. Let $100 represent the risk. 

l%fo of $100 = $1.75, am't the risk pays. 
i of $100 — $20 at 2i?e = .45 
i of $100 = $25 at 1\% = .375 

$1.75— (.45 +.375) =.925 
$100 — ($20 + $25) = $55 
$55=100^ 



58 



THE COUNTY EXAMINER 



$1 = W% 

.925 = -W°- X -925 = liife , Ans. 
10. The amount of $1 for 1 yr. 8 mo. 15 da. is 

11.1025. The amount due at the end of the time, 
$324.50 -*- 1.1025 = $294.33, the present worth, and 
$324.50 — 1294.33 = $30.17, Ans. 



PAPER NO. VI. 



1. 



yr. 

1907 
1905 



mo. 

2 
1 



da. 
23 

1 



2 1 22 

$237.50, principal. 



.06, percent. 



1 mo. 

15 da. = 

6 da.= 

1 da.= 





14.2500, Int. 
2 


for 1 yr. 


: -rVyr. 

J mo. 
y mo. 

i of 6 da. 


28.50 , Int. 

1.1875, " 
.5937, " 
.2375, " 
.0395, " 


for 2 yr. 
" 1 mo. 
" 15 da 
" 6 da. 
" 1 da. 



530.56. Ans. 



2. 3 da. 15 hr. 30 min. = 5250 min. 
10% of 5250 min. = 525 min. 
One week has 10080 min. 

525 -^ 10080 = .052+. Ans. 

3. If a train run 200 ft. in 5 sec, in one sec, it 
will run 200 -*- 5 = 40 ft. 



ANSWERS TO ARITHMETIC 59 

One hour has 3600 sec, and in one hr. it will 
run 40 X 3600 = 144000 ft. -s- 5280, number of feet 
in a mile, = 27+ miles an hour, Ans. 

4. At 4 o'clock the hour hand is 20 min, in ad- 
vance of the minute hand. The minute hand passes 
entirely around the dial while the hour hand passes 
over but ^ of the distance, consequently in any 
given time the minute hand gains j4- of said time 
on the hour hand, so it will take the minute hand 
as long to gain 20 min. as \^ is contained times in 
20, which is 21 T 9 T minutes after four, Ans. 

5. The diameter of a sphere cubed gives the 
solid contents of a cube with the same dimensions 
as the diameter of the sphere. The relation exist- 
ing between the solid contents of a cube and sphere 
is as 1 is to ,5236, therefore 8 X 8 X 8 X ,5236 = 268, 

0832 cu, in. Ans, 

6. 2 hr. 45 min, = 2| hr, 2 hr. 10 min, = 2-J- hr, 

1 hr. 50 min. = If hr. 

If one pipe fills the cistern in 2| hr., it will fill 
1 -h 2| ■ = T 4 T of it in one hr,, and if the other fills it 
in 2| hr,, it will fill 1 -*- 2£= T G ¥ of it in one hour, 
while the other pipe will empty 1 •-*- If = -^ of it in 
one hour, 

tt + A = Hi — tt = AV> the amount left in 
cistern at end of first hour, and, if all pipes are left 
open, and it fill that much in one hr., it will take as 
many hours to fill the cistern as ^£. 3 is contained 
times in 1, which is off hours, Ans. 

7. Each $1 paid the first year diminishes the in- 



6o THE CO UNTY EX A MINER 

terest the second year by 6 c. and 6 c. more can be 
applied to the principal the second year; in other 
words the principal is diminished by a regular in- 
crease of 6^ on each payment over the successive 
one. 

For each $1 paid on the principal first time, 
there is $1.06 paid on the principal the second time 
and $1.1236 paid on principal the third time. 

In all, $3.1836 is paid on the principal as 
often as $1 is applied to the principal in the first 
payment, and there are as many dollars paid the 
first time as $3.1836 is contained in $2500, which is 
$785.27+. 

The first interest is $150, then $785.27 + $150 
== $934.27, the exact amount of each annual pay- 
ment. 

8. 30 X 10 X 2 X 144 = 86400 sq. in. in both sides 
of the roof. 

4^ X 4= 18 sq. in. in one shingle. 
86400 -+- 18 =4800, the number of shingles re- 
quired. Ans. 

9. The commission in % = the commission in 
money; then, 

2}# = $27.50 
1% = $10 
100^ = $1000, the amount of money the com- 
mission merchant has left, after deducting his per 
cent., to invest in flour, and $1000 t5 = 200 bbl. 
io. If the hypotenuse of the triangle is 40 ft., 



ANSWERS TO ARITHMETIC 61 

the square built upon it has an area of 1600 sq. ft. 
This is equal in area to the square built upon the 
base line and the one built upon the perpendicular, 
both of which are equal; then 1600 -*- 2 = 800 sq. ft,, 
area of either square, and V 800 = 28.28 ft., length of 
one side, or the length of either the base or the 
perpendicular. Ans. 

PAPER NO. VII. 

i. The interest for 60 da. at %% = \°/o which is a 
discount. This added to the \\% gives a discount 
of 2\%, The face value 100^ — 1\% = 97|%, cost 
of draft in fc. 

100fc =$2163.25 
\% = $21.6325 
W\% = $2109.17. Ans. 

Ql _l_Q4 = 2_(L _)_ Q4 = 8JL* 

-• ^3 * ''5" 2 1 I °7 3 1 

Kl _i_ 1 — 10.8 _4- Q±— H8 
°1 ■ 3 7 i 7 7 

SjBJL — i «_8 2 5. 11 -i-O — 8 

2 1 ' 7 f3' i 7 ' ° 2 1 

3 5 _8 1 A n c 

^3 3 1 6 3- -THIS. 

3. The diagonal of a cube is the square root of 
three times the edge of the cube; then to find the 
edge of a cube when the diagonal is given, square 
the diagonal, divide the power by three and ex- 
tract the square root of the quotient. 

The diagonal of the cube is 6 ft., which 
squared is 36 sq. ft. -h 3 = 12 sq. ft. and the square 
root of 12 — 3.4 ft., length of the edge of the cube, 
which cubed and X .5236 = 20.57+ cu. ft. Ans. 

4. 160 sq. rd. X 5 = 800 sq. rd. in 5 acres. 



62 THE COUNTY EXAMINER 

V800 = 28.28, one side of square X 4 X .161 
= $18.85, cost to fence in form of a square. 

800-^-3.1416 = 254.64, which is the square of 
the radius, and its square root, 15.95 rd., is the ra- 
dius of circle X 2 = 31.90, diameter of circle, X 
3,1416 = 100.21 X.16f = $16.70, cost to fence field in 
form of circle. 

$18,85 — $16.70 = $2.15. Ans. 

5. Int, on $1 for 60 da. at 6fo = .01. 

$1 — .01 = .99, proceeds of $1 for given time. 
$560.34 -*- .99 = $566, face of note. Ans. 

6. 4fo of $12000 = $480, income on present in- 
vestment. 

92^ of $12000 = $11040, what stock will sell 

for. 

150^ =$11040 

1^=$73.6 
§Y/c = $478.40, income on the pro- 
posed investment. 

$480 — $478.40 = $1.60, the amount the present 
investment pays more than the proposed invest- 
ment. Ans. 

7. 19 T V X 860 -*- 16£ = 1012-ft- Ans. 

8. $212.10 — $175 = $37.10, Int, for required time, 
Qfo of $175 = $10.50 Int. on the principal for one 

year. 

$37.10-^10.50 = 3* z yr. or 3 yr, 6 mo. 12 da. 

Ans. 

9. The difference between a 20^ gain on one 

horse and a 20^ loss on the other is $10. As the 



ANSWERS TO ARITHMETIC 63 

difference between 20% or \ of each gives a differ- 
ence of $10, the difference between 100% or -§- of 
each would be 10 X 5 = $50, $200—50, the differ- 
ence = $150 twice the cost of the cheaper horse. 

$150 -*- 2 = $75 price of cheaper horse and 
$75 + $50 = $125, price of the other. 

10, 15 X H X 2 X 80 = 3200 or 3.2 M, ft. 
$15 X 3.2 = $48. Ans. 

PAPER NO. VIII. 

1. Any principal has doubled when it has gained 
100%. and, as it gains 6% in one year, it will take as 
long to double itself as 6 is contained times in 100, 
which is 16f, or 16 yr. 8 mo, Ans. 

2. 57 A." 96 sq. rd. = 57f A. at $3.75 gives $216. 
72 + 80 + 96+112=360 sheep, and as each 

pays in proportion to the number of sheep he has, 
A will pay 3V0 or |; B, ffr or f ; C, 3V0 or A; D, 



1 12 ^t- j, 4 

36 U1 4T- 



of $216 = $43.20, A's part. 



I of $216 = $48.00, B's part, 
tV of $216 = $57.60, Cs part. 
H of $216 = $67,20, D's part, Ans, 
3. 90 dg. = 900 g. One gram has 15,432 gr. Troy 
which, X 900 = 13888.8 gr., -s-700'0, number of grains 
in one pound avoirdupois, and X .20 = 39.6+ c. 
Ans. 

„ 3 _|_ (C5 n f 2\ 34 

4 . T +(5 T ot T ). li=nf _ Ans _ 
(|of5|) + f = H 



64 THE COUNTY EXAMINER 

5. Interest on $1 at 6% for 2 yr. 6 mo. = 15 c, 
which is the bank discount on $1 for the given 
time. 

$1 -*- ($1 + .15) = .86ff, present worth of $1 
for the given time. 

Si — .86ff = .13gV, true discount for the given 
time. 

.15 — .logV = .Olff, difference between the 
bank and true discount on $1. 

$6.40 -5- .Olff = $327.11. Ans. 

6. \\% = $12 

1% = $8 
100% = $800, or -I of the value of house. 

I = $800 
I = $400 
I = $1200, Ans, 

7. By 0/0 stock at S2f is meant you invest $82^ 
and receive $3, and by 3|-% stock at 96 is meant 
you invest $96 and receive $3.50, 

$3 is 3 T V% of $82.50 and $3.50 is 3||% of $96. 

The percentage of income, 3-f-J- on amount of 
money invested in 3-|-% stock at 96, being larger 
than that on the other, the 3-J-% stock is the better 
investment. 

8. 100 X 50 X 10 = 50000, cu. ft. of dirt that will 
be thrown from the excavation. 

50 X 132 = 6600 sq. ft., area of the city lot, 
50000 -^ 6600 = 7f §• ft. Ans. 

9. 100% — 5fo = 95%, the proceeds from the sale 



ANSWERS TO ARITHMETIC 6 5 

of the wheat. In this 95% is included .the cost of 
the bacon and the 2% commission, consequently 
1.02% = 05 

1# = T 9 oV 

2% = T 9 oV X 2 = lff%, the commission for 
buying the bacon, 

5% + l|-f % = 6|4> the sum of commissions on 
transactions. 

Ht% = $105 
1% =$15.30 
1000% =$1530 the value of the wheat. Ans. 
io. The volume of a cone is one-third the vol- 
ume of a cylinder whose base is the same as that 
of the cone. 

12 ft. -5-2 = 6 ft. radius of the base of the 
stack of hay. 

6X 6X 3.1416 = 113.0976 sq. ft,, area of base. 
113.0976 X 20 -5- 3 = 753.984 cu. ft., and as 
there are 4^ lb. in one cu. ft., 4J- X 753.984 = 3392 
.928 lb. Ans. 

PAPER NO. IX. 

i. The distance around the house is (18 X 2) -f- 
(15 X 2) = 66 ft. X 9 = 594 sq. ft. area of the walls 
of the building. 

18 X 15 = 270 sq. ft. area of the ceiling? 

594 sq. ft. + 270 sq. ft. = 864 sq. ft. -*- 9 = 96 
sq. yd. — 5 sq. yd. = 91 sq yd. in the walls and ceil- 
ing of the room. 

15 c. X 91 = $13,65. Ans. 



t> 



66 THE COUNTY EXAMINER 

2. The first complex fraction — - 5 7 s - X 3-f -g- == tttt i 
the second = % 8 - X T V = /ft 5 the third = ff X |J = |, 

Taking the result as above and performing 
the operations indicated between the complex frac- 
tions you have: 

32 y 58 V 9 = 1971 — 8RA-4- 
TTT A TT9" A ¥ FT7T «^OD^ 

2.40^ = 2.405, and 1.00^ = 1.0025 
1.003 X 2.405 = 2.412215 -s- 1,0025 =*= 2.406+; 
then ,866 + 2.406 = 3.272+. Ans. 

3. The interest on $1 at 6% for 2 yr. = ,12. $1 
+ .12 = $1.12, the amount of $1 for the given time. 
$1 -J- 1.12 = ,89-f-, the present worth of $1 for the 
given time. 

$1 — 8.9f = 104 c, true discount of $1 for the 
given time at 6%. 

In like manner the true discount of $1 for the 
same time at 4% is found to be 74+ c. 

10| c. — 7|+ c == 2 T 5 gV c. the difference be- 
tween the true discounts on $1 for the given time 
at 6% and 4%. 

$25, the difference on the sum required, -*- 
3 T 5 A c = $756. Ans. 

4. 112% -f \% = 112^%, entire cost of stock. 

95% —\% = 94-|%, net selling price of stock. 
112|% — $2250 
1% = $20.0445 
94f % = $1899.21+ 
$1899.21 -*- 27.50 = 69.06+ bales. Ans. 

5. 130 cm. = 1.3 m. 



ANSWERS TO ARITHMETIC 67 

i km. = 800 m. 
1.3 X 800 = 1040 square meters. 
$1.15 X 1040 = $1196. Ans. 

6. 3 yr. 2 mo. 10 da. = 3^ yr. 

6% X 3 ¥ V = l$h which is the interest in % 
for the given time. 

100% + 19£% = 119i, amount in % for given 
time. 

119£% = $464.75 
1% = $3.90 
100% = $390. Ans. 

7. 100% =100% 

1% = 1% 

15% = 15% First discount. 



)0 — 15 = 


= 85 




100% = 


= 85% 




1% = 


- .85% 




10% - 


= S.ofc. 


Second discount. 



85 — 8.5 = 76.5, cost of goods in % after re- 
duction. 

15% + 8.5 = 23.5%, sum ot two discounts. 
23.5% = $300.80 

1% = $12.80 
76.5% = $979.20, cost of goods. Ans. 
8. 30 ft X 2 = 60 ft., length of the two side 
walls. 

The two end walls stand between the side 
walls and each will be 2 ft shorter than the width 
of the room, or 18 ft., then 18 ft. X 2 = 36 ft. length 



6S THE COUNTY EXAMINER 

of the two end walls. 

60 ft. + 36 ft. = 96 ft. X 12X1X 1728 = 1990656 
cu. in. in the walls of the building. 

The standard size of a brick is 8X4X2 = 
64 cu. in. in one brick. 

1990656 cu. in. -*- 64 = 31104 bricks, Ans. 
9. 10 ft. -t- 2 = 5 ft., the radius of the cistern. 

5 X 5 X 3.1416 = 78.54 sq. ft., the area of the 
bottom of the cistern. 

78.54 X 12 = 942.48 cu. ft. in the cistern. 

942.48 X 1728 = 1628605.44 cu.in. in the cistern. 

1628605.44 cu. in. -5- 231 = 7010.24 gal. in the 

7050.24 gal. -5- 63 = 111.9+ hhd. Ans, 
10. The L. C. M. of the three numbers will be 
the number of hours each will have to travel before 
they all arrive again at the same time at the start- 
ing point. It is 1575, consequently it will require a 
continuous travel of 1575 hours before they meet 
at the starting point, 

PAPER NO. X. 

1. 40 min. : 12 hr. : : 16 mi. 25 rd. : ( ?) 

40 min. : 720 min. : : 5145 rd. : (?) 

720 X 5145 

— = 289 mi. 130 rd. 

40 

2. ifo of $1380 =*= $3.45, premium. 

The interest on $1380 for 60 days at 7^ = 
$16.10, which is a discount. 

$1380 — $16.10 = $1363.90 + $3.45 = $1367.35. 
Ans. 



ANSWERS TO ARITHMETIC 



6 9 



3. 1 yr. 8 mo. 15 da, is time sufficient for three 
semi-annual payments and 2 mo. 15 da. on the 
fourth payment. 

$400 = principal. 
.03 — rate. 

12.00 = interest for six mo. 

400. 

412 =am't 6 mo., prin, 2 per'd 
.03 



12.36 = interest for 2 period. 

412. 



424.36 — am't 6 mo., prin. 3 per d 
.03 



12.7308 = interest for 3 period. 
424.36 



437.0908 = am't 6 mo.,prin. 4 per'd. 
.03 



13.112724= interest for 6 mo. 



2 mo. 



15 da. = 



\ of 6 mo. 



{of 2 mo. 



4.370908 = interest for 3 mo. 
1.092727 = interest for 15 da. 



5.463635 = interest for 2 mo. 15 da. 
437.09 

442.55 = am't for 1 yr.8 mo. 15 da. 

400. 

$42.55 = compound interest for 
1 yr. 8 mo. 15 da. Ans. 



7 o THE COUNTY EXAMINER 

4. 135° 19' 42", long, of Sitka. 

8 0° 2' 00", long, of Pittsburg. 
15)55° 17' 42" = difference of longitude. 

3 hr. 41 min. 10-f sec == difference of time. 
lOhr. 00 niin. 00 sec, a. m., time at Sitka. 
3 hr. 41 min. 10|- sec, difference in time. 
13 hr. 41 min. 10-f- sec, or 41 min. lOf sec. 
after one p. m., time at Pittsburg. Ans. 

5. n\ x 1 + .5 = 6i 



21-5-2 X 1.4 = 



6.0 



3.5 — 1.075 = 2.425+ (.025 -*-.$■)— 2.5875. Ans. 

6. If five men can do a piece of work in 9 days, 
they will do i of it in one day, and in 8 days the 
five men will do -f, leaving -|-of the work for the two 
men who join them to do. 

If 5 men do \ in one day, one man can do -J- 
of I = ¥ V in one day, and 2 men will do -£-$ in one 
day. As the 2 men must do \, it will take them as 
many days as -/ 5 - is contained times in ■$-, which is 24- 
days. 

This 2-|- days must be 2|- days before the close 
of the 8 days, which is 5-|- days after they begin, 
Ans. 

7. 80 rd. X 20 = 1600 sq, rcL, which reduced down 
under the table gives 62726400 sq. in., the area of 
the field. 

The value of a meter is 39.37 inches, which 
squared gives 1549.9969, the number of sq. in. in a 
square meter. 



ANSWERS TO ARITHMETIC 71 

62726400 -*- 1549.9969 = 40468.7+ square me- 
ters. 40 c.X 40468.7 = $16187.48. Ans. 

8. The distance around the room is (18 ft. X 2) 
+ (16 ft. 6 in. X 2) =69 ft. 

The strips of paper are \\ ft. wide. 

69 ft. -*- \\ = 46, number of strips required. 

A roll of paper is 8 yd. or 24 ft. long and as a 
strip is 10 ft. long, only two strips can be cut from 
a roll, consequently it will take 46 -*- 2 = 23 rolls at 
16 c. a roll = $3.68. Ans. 

9. The diameter of a log is the diagonal of the 
largest square that can be cut from it. When the 
diagonal of a square is given, which in this case is 
4 ft., to find the side of the square the diagonal 
must be squared, divided by 2, and the square root 
of the quotient extracted; consequently, 4 ft. X 4 
-5- 2 = 8 sq, ft., whose square root is 2.8+ ft. Ans. 

10. 1000 bu. contains 2150400 cu. in. 36 ft. X 12 
X 120 = 51840 in., which would be the length of a 
pipe necessary to hold all the grain at one time. 

2160400- -s- 51840 = 41-4815 sq.in., area of the 
end of tube. 

41.4815 -s- 3.1416 = 13.20 sq.in., and the square 
root of this = 3.6+ in., radius of tube, X 2 = 7.2 in. 
Ans. 



QUESTIONS ON GRAMMAR. 

PAPER NO. I. 

i. What is grammar? 

2. Write the plural of the following: Daughter-in-law, 
cupful, memorandum, deer, axis. 

3. What is a relative pronoun? Name them. 

4. What parts of speech are used as connectives? 
Give sentences illustrating each. 

5. Give the principal parts of the following verbs: 
know, sit, swim, drink, sing, do, forsake, write, catch, 
wring. 

6. Name and define the classes of common nouns. 

7. What is ellipsis? 

8. Give an outline of the adjective. 

9. What is synopsis? Conjugation? 
10. Analyze: 

A pebble in the streamlet scant 

Has turned the course of many a river; 

A dewdrop on the infant plant 
Has warped the giant oak forever. 

PAPER NO. II. 

1. What parts of speech can be compared? Give an 
example of each. 

2. Name and define the classes- into which sentences 



QUESTIONS ON GRAMMAR 73 

are divided with respect to use. 

3. Distinguish between gender and sex. 

4. Give synopsis of the verb write , active voice. 

5. Compare the following : Much, far, little, bad, wise, 
faithful, happy, hind, bold, able. 

6. What parts of speech have no modifieations? 

7. What are auxiliary verbs? Name several. 

8. What is analysis? Synthesis? 

9. When does a proposition become an adverb? 
Give example. 

10 When does a common noun become proper? A 
proper noun become common? 

PAPER NO. III. 

1. What is an infinitive? A participle? 

2. What is the difference between a relative and per- 
sonal pronoun? 

3. What is a proposition? Name and define the two 
kinds. 

4. Give a synopsis of the verb teach, passive voice. 

5. Name and define the parts of speech. 

6. Define the simple personal pronouns. 

7. Write the plural of the following nouns: Calf, gulf, 
leaf, handful, cargo, church, chimney, ox, solo, focus. 

8. What is the active voice? The passive? 

9. What may be used as a noun? 

10. What are correlative conjunctions? Give example 

PAPER NO. IV. 

i. Name and define the properties or modifications of 
the verb. 

2. Write a sentence containing a relative clause, an 



74 THE COUNTY EXAMINER 

adjective clause, an adverbial clause. 

What is a double relative pronoun, and why so 
called? 

4. Write the possessive of the following words : Mr. 
Jones, ox, child, it, father-in-law, teachers, geese, mice, 
we, boys. 

5. What is the real life of every sentence? 

6. What is declension? Inflection? 

7. Give rules for the use of shall and will. 

8. What is a direct object? An indirect object? Il- 
lustrate. 

9. What is a gerund? 

10. How does the active voice become passive? 

PAPER NO. V. 

1. What is the difference between a participial adjec- 
tive and a participle used as an adjective? 

2. What are the ways of distinguishing the masculine 
and feminine genders? 

3. In what ways may the infinitive be used? 

4. What is an interrogative pronoun? Give example. 

5. Name the forms in which verbs may be conju- 
gated. 

6. Give five rules for the formation of the plural. 

7. Name ten prepositions that are frequently used. 

8. In what ways may a noun be in the nominative 
absolute case or nominative independent? 

9. In how many cases are compound personal pro- 
nouns used? 

10. Give model for parsing and parse the italicized 
words in the following sentence : Oh! what a fine time 
John and I had in trying to study carefully the plans 
proposed by the leader. 



QUESTIONS ON GRAMMAR 75 

PAPER NO. VI. 

1. What is a diagram? What is parsing? 

2. Name, and define the classes into which the parti- 
ciple is divided. 

3. Decline the simple relative pronouns. 

4. In what ways may adjectives be compared? 

5. Name the absolute tenses. The relative. 

6 .What is a unipersonal verb? A regular verb? An 
irregular verb? 

7. Name and define the classes of sentences with re- 
spect to form. 

8. What is a separable phrase? An inseparable 
phrase? Give examples. 

9. What is meant by the normal use of the verb? The 
abnormal? The idiomatic? 

10. Analyze: 

Full many a gem of purest ray serene, 

The dark unfathomed caves of ocean bear; 

Full many a flower is born to blush unseen 
And waste its sweetness on the desert air. 

PAPER NO. VII. 

1. What is a defective verb? A redundant verb? 

2. Name the tenses in each mode. 

3. How many genders? Define each. 

4. When is a noun in apposition? Give example. 

5. In what respect are participles and infinitives 
alike? In what unlike? 

6. Name the classes into which adverbs are divided 
and give examples of each. 

7. Write sentences illustrating four different ways in 



76 THE COUNTY EXAMINER 

which the noun clause may be used. 

8. Name the words used 'as articles, and tell when 
each should be used. 

9. What is an element? What may it be? 

10. What does the first person denote? The second? 
The third? 

PAPER NO. VIII. 

1. When is as a relative pronoun? Write a sentence 
with it used as such. 

2. Write the corresponding masculine or feminine of 
each of the following words : Hero, sultan, Jesse, land- 
lord, sir, friar, witch, aunt, lass, damsel. 

3. What are parts of speech? 

4. Give five words that have the same form in both 
numbers; five that are always in the plural; five that 
have no plural. 

5. What is the objective case? 

6. How may the present participle be known? The 

past? 

7. What is the antecedent of a pronoun? What may 

it be? 

8. What is comparison? Name and define the three 
degrees. 

9. How is the plural of letters, figures, marks, and 
signs formed? Illustrate. 

10, Analyze: 

When freedom from her mountain height 

Unfurled her standard to the air, 
She. tore the azure robe of night 
And set the stars of glory there. 



QUESTIONS ON GRAMMAR 77 

PAPER NO. IX. 

1. When does an intransitive verb become transitive? 
Give an example. 

2. Name and define the parts into which grammar is 
divided. 

3. How is the possessive case singular and plural of 
nouns formed? 

4. Upon what does the gender, person, number, and 
case of a pronoun depend? 

5. What is a conjunctive adverb? Name the princi- 
pal ones. 

6. What is a substantive? Adjunct? 

7. What three adverbs can be compared by adding er 
and est? 

8. How may an imperative sentence be known? 
Give example. 

9. Name and define the modes. 

10. Give the use of the infinitive in the following sen- 
tences : 

(1) To play is pleasant. (2) He refused to go. (3) 
He was afraid to stay. (4) His attempt to conquer was 
a failure. (5) They are about to leave us. 

PAPER NO. X. 

1. What is a participial noun? 

2. When should a and an be used? 

3. What is a paradigm? 

4. How is the plural of nouns from foreign languages 
formed? 

5. ¥/here is the subjunctive mode always found? 

6. What is a coordinate conjunction? A subordinate 
conjunction? 



78 THE COUNTY EXAMINER 

7. Write sentences containing an appositive phrase; 
an adverbial phrase ; a prepositional phrase. 

8. What is the nominative case? The possessive? 

9. What are the usual signs of the subjunctive mode? 
Name several verbs after which the sign of the infinitive 
to is usually omitted. 

10. Analyze: 

In the summer time when the trees are green, it is 
pleasant to go into the woods and hunt wild flowers. 




ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS ON GRAMMAR. 

PAPER NO. I. 

i. Grammar treats of language and the princi- 
ples governing its usage. 

2. The plural of daughter-in-law is daughters- 
in-law; cupful, cupfuls; memorandum, memoranda; 
deer, deer; axis, axes. 

3. A relative pronoun is one that represents some 
preceding word or expression to which it joins a 
subordinate proposition. They are who, which, 
what, that and as. 

4. Relative pronouns, conjunctions and conjunctive 
adverbs are used as connectives. Ex. relative pro- 
noun: The boy whom you saw is my brother. Ex. 
conjunction: I will go if you stay. Ex. conjunc- 
tive adverb: He can go when you return. 

5. The principal parts of the verbs named are as 
follows: know, knew, known; sit, sat, sat; swim, 
swam or swum, swum; drink, drank, drunk; ring, 
rang or rung, rung; do, did. done; forsake, forsook, 
forsaken; write, wrote, written; catch, caught, 
caught; wring, wrung, wrung. 

6. The following are the classes of common 



So THE COUNTY EXAMINER 

nouns: 

A class noun is a name that can be applied to 
each of a group of objects. 

An abstract noun is the name of a quality. 

A collective noun is one that is singular in 
form though it denotes more than one. 

A participial or verbal noun is the name of 
an action, being or state. 

7. Ellipsis is the omission of one or more words 
of a sentence. 

8. Outline of adjective: 



/ Descriptive 



! 

Classes / 



A , . -, Definite 

/ Articles \ T -, ~ ., 
/ Indennite 

i v 

I 

Definitive Pronominal 



\ Numeral ■< 



Cardinal 
Numeral I Ordinal 

(_ Multiplicative 



9. Synopsis is the regular arrangement of the 
verb through the different modes and tenses in one 
number and person. 

Conjugation is the regular arrangement of 
the verb in all its modes, tenses, voices, persons 
and numbers. 

10. This is a compound declarative sentence. 
Pebble is the simple subject and has turned the sim- 



ANSWERS TO GRAMMAR 81 

pie predicate of the first member. Pebble is modi- 
fied by a and in the streamlet scant, adjective ele- 
ments, and streamlet is modified by the and scant, 
adjective elements. Course is the object after has 
turned and is modified by the and of many a river. 
Many a, an adjective, modifies river. And under- 
stood connects the two members. Dezvdrop is the 
simple subject and has warped the simple predi- 
cate of the second member. The subject is modi- 
fied by a and on the infant plant, adjective elements. 
The adjectives the and infant modify plant. Oak 
is the object after has warped and is modified by 
the adjectives the and giant. Forever, an adverb, 

modifies has warped. 

PAPER NO. II. 

i. Adjectives and adverbs can be compared. Ex. 
adjective: large, larger, largest. Ex. adverb: firmly, 
less firmly, least firmly. 

2. A declarative sentence is used in stating a 
fact. An interrogative sentence is used to ask a 
question. An imperative sentence expresses a com- 
mand or entreaty. An exclamatory sentence ex- 
presses sudden or strong emotion. 

3. Gender is that modification of a noun or pro- 
noun which denotes sex or non-sex. 

Sex is the distinction of objects by nature. 



82 



THE COUNTY EXAMINER 



Synopsis of Write, Active Voice. 
Indicative Mode. 



Presenty 

Pres. perfect y 

Pasty 

Past Perfect y 

Future y 

Future Perfect^ 



I write. 

I have written. 

I wrote. 

I had written. 

I shall write. 

I shall have written. 

Subjunctive Mode. 
Presenty If I write. 

Past, If I wrote. 

Past Perfect y If I had written. 

Potential Mode. 
Presenty I may write. 

Pres. perjecty I may have written. 



Pasty 




I 


might 


write. 


Past per j eel 


I 


might have written. 


5* 




Comparison. 




Positive. 




Comparative. 


Superlative. 


much, 




more, 




most. 


far,, 




farther, 




farthest. 


little, 




less, 




least. 


bad, 




worse, 




worst. 


wise, 




wiser, 




wisest. 


faithful,, 




more faithful, 


most faithfuL 


happy, 




happier, 




happiest. 


hind, 




hinder, 




hindmost. 


bold, 




bolder, 




boldest. 


able, 




abler, 




ablest. 



QUESTIONS ON GRAMMAR 83 

6. Conjunctions, prepositions and interjections 
have no modifications. 

7. Auxiliary verbs are those which assist in the 
conjugation of other verbs. 

Do, be, have, shall, will, may, can and must 
are used as auxiliaries. 

8. Analysis is the separation of a sentence into 
its elements. 

Synthesis is the combination of elements so 
as to form a sentence, 

9. A preposition becomes an adverb when the 
object is omitted. Ex. The army marched by. 

10, When a common noun is used to distinguish 
one individual from another of the same class, it 
becomes a proper noun. 

When a proper noun is used in such a way as 
to admit of its application to each individual of a 
class, it becomes a common noun. 

PAPER NO. III. 

1. An infinitive is a form of the verb which ex- 
presses action, being or state without affirming it. 

A participle is a form of the verb which has a 
noun, verb, or adjective use. 

2. A personal Pronoun can be the subject of an 
independent sentence; the relative cannot, it being 
always found in subordinate propositions. 

A personal pronoun has a distinct form for 
each grammatical person; the relative does not 
change its form for person. 



84 THE CO UNTY EX A MINER 

The relative pronoun has a connective use 
and is sometimes called a conjunctive pronoun. 

3. A proposition is a thought expressed in words. 
A principal proposition makes complete sense 

when standing alone, 

A subordinate proposition is always connected 
to the principal proposition and does not make 
complete sense when standing alone. 

4. Synopsis of Teach, Passive Voice. 

Indicative Mode. 

Present, I am taught. 

Present perfect, I have been taught. 

Pasty I was taught, 

Past perfect, I had been taught. 

Future, I shall be taught. 

Future perfect, I shall have been taught. 

Subjunctive Mode, 
Present, If I be taught. 

Past, If I were taught. 

Past perfect, If I had been taught. 

Potential Mode. 

Present, I may be taught. 

Present perfect, I may have been taught. 

Past, I might be taught. 

Past perfect, I might have been taught. 

5. A noun is a name. 

An adjective is a word used to modify the 
meaning of a noun or pronoun. 



QUESTIONS ON GRAMMAR $5 

A pronoun is a word used for a noun. 

A verb is a word used to assert action, being, 
or state. 

An adverb is a word used to modify a verb, 
an adjective or another adverb. 

A preposition is a word used to show relation 
between its object and some other word. 

A conjunction is a word used to connect words, 
phrases and clauses. 

An interjection is a word used to express 
some strong or sudden emotion. 

6. Declension of Simple Personal Pronoun. 

Singular* 

First Person. Second Person. Third Person. 

Mas. Fern. Neut. 

Nom. I, you, he, she, it. 

Poss. my, mine, your, yours, his, her, hers, its. 
Obj. me, you, him, her, it. 

PluraL 

Nom. we, you, they. 

Poss. our, ours, your, yours, their, theirs. 

Obj. us, you, them. 

7. The plural of calf is calves; gulf, gulfs; leaf, 
leaves; handful, handfuls; cargo, cargoes; church, 
churches; chimney, chimneys; ox, oxeit; solo, solos; 
focus, foci. 

8. The active voice represents the subject as 
acting upon an object. 

The passive voice represents the subject as 



86 THE COUNTY EXAMINER 

receiving the act. 

9. A word y phrase or clause may be used as a 
noun. 

10. Correlative conjunctions are connecting words 
used in pairs. Ex.: Both friend and foe applauded. 

PAPER NO. IV. 

1. Voice is that form of a verb which represents 
the subject as acting or being acted upon. 

Mode means the manner of expressing the 
action or being of some subject. 

Tense is that form of a verb which indicates 
the time of an action or being. 

Person and number are modifications of the 
verb that mark the agreement with the subject. 

2. Relative clause: The man zv horn you saw is a 
merchant. 

Adjective clause: This is the place where the 
man lived. 

Adverbial clause: The man hid when the of- 
ficer approached. 

3. The word what, when used as a relative, can 
be separated into that zuhich, or the thing zuhich, 
and is called a double relative. 

4. The possessive of Mr. Jones is Mr, Jones s; 
ox, oxs; child, child's; it, its; f at hers -in -law, fath- 
ers-in-laws; teachers, teachers ; geese, geese s; mice, 
mice's; we, our; boys, boys'. 

5. The verb is the real life of every sentence 
because no sentence can be formed without it. 



QUESTIONS ON GRAMMAR 87 

6. The declension of a noun or pronoun is its 
variation to denote number and case. 

Inflection is the change in the form or spell- 
ing of a word to indicate a change in its meaning 
or construction. 

7. Shall is usually used in the first person and 
will in the second and third to denote futility; will 
is usually used in the first person to denote deter- 
mination, and shall in the second and third to de- 
note necessity, 

8. A word that names the person or thing di- 
rectly receiving the action of the verb is called a 
direct object. 

When a word is added to a verb to denote 
the person or thing indirectly affected by the action 
of the verb, it is called an indirect object* 

In the sentence, "Give me a book," book is 
the direct and vie the indirect object. 

9. A g r eru7id is a verbal noun or infinitive end- 
ing in ing; 

10. The active voice is changed to th.e passive 
by prefixing some form of the verb to be to the per- 
fect participle of a transitive verb. The direct ob- 
ject in the active becomes the subject in the 
passive. 

PAPER NO. V. 

1. A participial adjective is a word that has lost 
the attributes of the verb from which it is derived 
but is used as a mere adjective. 



&P THE COUNTY EXAMINER 

A -participle used as an adjective is a word 
that has not lost the attributes of the verb from 
which it is derived and is used as an adjective in 
modifying a noun. 

2. The masculine and feminine genders are dis- 
tinguished by the use of different words, by different 
terminations, and by the use of prefixes and suffixes. 

3. The infinitive may be used as the subject of 
a sentence, object of a verb or preposition, an ex- 
planatory modifier to complete the meaning of a 
verb, and as an adjective and adverbial modifier. 

4. An interrogative pronoun is one that is used 
in asking a question. Ex.: Who bought that horse? 

5. Verbs may be conjugated in the common, em- 
phatic, progressive, passive, and ancient forms. 

6. Rules for formation of plural: 1. Most nouns 
add 5 to the singular, 2. If the last sound of a word 
will not unite with s add es, 3. Nouns in y after a 
vowel add .v. 4. Some nouns in/ or fe change /" 
to v and add es. 5. Most compound words vary the 
last word. 

7. The following are prepositions frequently 
used: at, by, for, from, in, into, of, on, over, to. 

8. A noun may be in the nominative absolute 
case by direct address, by exclamation, by pleonasm, 
by position, and with a participle. 

9. Compound personal pronouns are used in the 
nominative and objective cases and have the same 
form. 






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9 o THE COUNTY EXAMINER 

PAPER NO. VI. 

i. A diagram is a picture upon which is repre- 
sented the analysis of a sentence. 

Parsing- is naming the parts of speech of a 
word, giving its properties, if any, and construction 
in the sentence. 

2. The present participle denotes the continu- 
ance of action or being. 

The -past participle denotes the completion 

of action or being. 

The past perfect or compounl participle de- 
notes the completion of action or being at a time 
previous to that indicated by the verb. 

3. Declension of Relative Pronoun. 

Singular and Plural. 

Nom. who, which, that, what. 

Poss. whose, whose, 

Obj\ whom, which, that, what. 

4. In ascending comparison, adjectives are com- 
pared by adding to the positive of monosyllables r 
or er for the comparative and st or est for the su- 
perlative, and by prefixing to the positive of 
adjectives of more than one syllable more for the 
comparative and ?nost for the superlative. 

In descending comparison prefix less to the 
positive to form the comparative and least to form 
the superlative. 

Some adjectives are irregularly compared. 

These are general rules to which there are 



ANSWERS TO GRAMMAR pi 

exceptions. 

5. The absolute tenses are the present, past and 
future. The relative are the present -perfect, past 
ferfect and future perfect. 

6. A unipersonal verb is one that asserts inde- 
pendently of any particular subject. 

A regular verb is one that forms its past 
tense and past participle by adding d or ed to the 
present. 

An irreg-ular verb is one that does not form 
its past tense and past participle by adding d or ed 
to the present. 

7. A simple sentence consists of a single proposi- 
tion. 

A complex sentence is one that has a subor- 
dinate element that contains a subject and predi- 
cate. 

A compound sentence is one that consists of 
two or more principal propositions. 

8. A separable phrase is one whose words should 
always be parsed separately. Ex.: The man stood 
on the hill. 

An inseparable phrase is one whose words 
need not be separated in parsing. Ex.: He will go 
by and by. 

9. The normal use of a word is its natural use, 
or that in which it is ordinarily used. 

The abnormal or unnatural use of a word is 
a variation from its regular use or meaning. 



9 2 THE COUNTY EXAMINER 

The idio?natic use of a word is a departure 
from the principles of language as it is generally 
used. 

10. This is a compound declarative sentence. 
Caves, the simple subject, is modified by the dark, 
unfathbmed, and of ocean, adjective elements. Bear, 
the simple predicate, is completed by the object 
gem, which is modified hy full many a and of purest 
ray serene, adjective elements. Ray is modified by 
the adjectives purest and serene. A nd understood 
connects the two members. Flower, the simple 
subject of the second member, is modified by full 
many a, adjective element. Is born, the simple 
predicate, is modified by the infinitive phrases to 
blush unseen and (to) waste its sweetness ^n the 
desert air used adverbially. Unseen is an adjective 
used as an attribute after blush; and sweetness, an 
object after waste, is modified by its, an adjective 
element. The phrase, on the desert air is an ad- 
verbial element modifying waste. Air is modified 
by the adjectives the and desert, 

PAPER NO. VII. 

1. A defective verb is one that lacks one or more 
of its principal parts. 

A redundant verb is one that has more than 
one form for its past tense or past participle. 

2. The Indicative mode has all six tenses: the 
Subjunctive has three: present, past, and past per- 
fect', the Potential has four: present, present -perfect, 



ANSWERS TO GRAMMAR 93 

■past, past perfect', the Imperative has one, the 
present. 

3. There are four genders. The masculine gen- 
der denotes male beings; the feminine, female 
beings; the common, either male or female when 
the sex is not known; the neuter, neither male nor 
female beings. 

4. A noun used to modify the meaning of 
another noun by denoting the same person, place, 
or thing is in apposition with the noun whose 
meaning it modifies. Ex.: Mr. Jones, the farmer, 
is sick. 

5. Participles and infinitives both have voice 
and tense, and partake of the nature of nouns, 
adjectives, or adverbs. 

A participle may become a noun or an ad- 
jective and is parsed as such. The infinitive may 
be used in the place of a noun or an adjective, but 
when so used does not assume the modifications of 
these parts of speech. 

6. Adverbs of time. Ex.: Now, when; place, 
where, yonder; cause, why, therefore; manner, bad- 
ly, foolishly; degree, enough, nearly; modal, yes, 
truly. 

7. The noun clause may be used as the subject. 
Ex.: That he studies is not questioned; as an at- 
tribute, Ex.: His expression was, "/ told you so;" 
as the object of a preposition, Ex.: There is some 
dispute about zuho made the statement; hi apposi- 



94 THE COUNTY EXAMINER 

tion, Ex.: The song, " We shall gather at the river,' 
is very beautiful. 

8. The is the definite article because it points 
out definitely the object which it defines. 

A or an is called the indefinite article because it 
defines in an indefinite or general manner. 

9. An element is one of the component parts of 
a sentence. It may be a word, -phrase, or clause. 

10. The first person denotes the speaker; the 
second, the person addressed; the third, the person 
or object spoken of. 

PAPER NO. VIII. 

1. As is a relative pronoun when it takes the 
place of who. which, or that after such, many, and 
same, Ex.: We learn by practice such things as 
are useful. 

2. The feminine of hero is heroine; sultan, sul- 
tana; Jesse, Jessie; landlord, landlady; sir, madam', 
friar, nun. The masculine of witch is wizard ; aunt, 
uncle; lass, lad; damsel, youth. 

3. Parts of Speech are classes into which words 
are divided according to their meaning and use. 

4. Bellows, deer, sheep, swine, and who have the 
same form in both numbers. 

Annals, fir evjorks, measles, pincers and trou- 
sers are always plural. 

Coffee, flour, hay, marble, and water have no 
plural. 

5. The objective case is the use of a noun or 



ANSWERS TO GRAMMAR 95 

pronoun as the object after a transitive verb in the 
active voice, or of a preposition. 

6. The present participle may be known by its 
ending ing; the past participle usually ends in d, ed, 
t, n, or en. 

7. The antecedent of a pronoun is the word or 
equivalent expression for which it is used. It may 
be a word, phrase, or clause. 

8. Comparison is the variation of an adjective 
or adverb to express degrees of quality. 

The positive degree expresses the simple 
quality of an object. 

The comparative expresses a greater or less 
degree of the quality. 

The superlative expresses the greatest or 
least degree of the quality. 

9. The plural of letters, figures, marks, and 
signs is formed by the addition of the 's. Ex.: Its, 
5 s, xs. 

10. This is a complex, declarative sentence. She 
is the simple subject, tore and set the compound 
predicate. Robe, the object after tore, is modified 
by the, azure and of night, adjective elements. Star, 
the object after set, is modified by the adjectives 
the and of glory. Set is modified by there, an ad- 
verbial element. The subordinate clause is con- 
nected to the compound predicate by when, a con- 
junctive adverb. Freedom is the simple subject of 



9 6 THE COUNTY EXAMINER 

the subordinate clause and unfurled the simple 
predicate. Standard, the object after unfurled is 
modified by her, an adjective element. Unfurled 
is modified by the adverbial elements to the air, 
and from her mountain height. Air is modified by 
the, and height by her mountaifi, adjective elements. 

PAPER NO. IX. 

i. An intransitive verb becomes transitive when 
it is followed by an object like itselt in meaning. 
Ex.: He dreamed a dream. 

2. Orthography treats of spelling. 
Etymology treats of the properties of words. 
Syntax treats of the construction of sentences. 
Prosody treats of the laws of versification. 

3. The possessive case singular is formed by ad- 
ding \s to the nominative; in the plural by adding 
(') only. If the plural does not end in 5 the 's are 
both added. 

4. The gender, person and number of a pronoun 
is the same as its antecedent. Its case depends 
upon its construction in the sentence. 

5. A conjunctive adverb is one that connects a 
subordinate to a principal proposition. 

The adverb modifies the verb in the subor- 
dinate clause. As, since, therefore, until, when, 
where, wherefore, and while are the principal ones. 

6. Any word or group of words that is used as 



ANSWERS TO GRAMMAR 97 

a noun is called a substantive. 

An adjunct is a word or a group of words 
added to some part of a sentence to modify its 
meaning. 

7. The adverbs fast, often, and soo?i are com- 
pared by adding er and est to the positive. 

8. An imperative sentence may usually be known 
by the omission of its subject. Ex.: Study your 
lesson. 

9. The indicative mode states an action or being 
as a fact. 

The subjunctive mode expresses an action or 
being as a supposition. 

The potential mode asserts the power, liberty, 
possibility, or necessity of an action or being. 

The imperative mode expresses action or being 
as a command or entreaty. 

10. To play, in the first sentence is used as the 
subject; To go, in the second is the object; To stay, 
in the third is an adverbial element modifying afraid', 
To conquer, in the fourth is used as an adjectivf 
modify'mg attempt ; To leave, in the fifth is used as an 
object of the preposition about. 

PAPER NO. X. 

1. The present participle, when used in the same 
relation in which nouns occur, is called a participi- 
al noun. 

2, A should be used before words that be- 
gin with consonant sounds and an. before words 



9 8 THE COUNTY EXAMINER 

that begin with vowel sounds. 

3. A -paradigm is a word given as a model by 
which other words are inflected. 

4. Most nouns from foreign languages retain 
their original plurals by changing us to i; um and 
on to a; is to es; a to ae; x or ex to ces or ices, 

5. The word subjunctive means subjoined or 
joined as subordinate to something else, conse- 
quently it is found only in subordinate clauses. 

6. A coordinate conjunction joins elements of the 
same rank or name. 

A subordinate conjunction joins elements of 
different rank or name. 

7. Washington the first President of the United 
States, was a general. 

He Wvesjust round the corner. 

He ran along' the bank of the stream, 

8. The nominative case is the use of a noun or 
pronoun as the subject or attribute complement. 

The possessive case is the use of a noun or 
pronoun as a possessive modifier. 

9. If, though, except and unless are the usual 
signs of the subjunctive mode. 

The sign of the infinitive is usually omitted 
after the verbs bid, dare< feel y help, let, make, and 
see. 

10. This is a complex declarative sentence. It, 
the simple subject, is modified by the compound 
infinitives to §0 and (to) hunt, an explanatory mod- 



ANSWERS TO GRAMMAR 90 

ifier. Go is modified by the adverbial element, 
into the woods. Flowers, the object after hunt, is 
modified by wild, an adjective element. Is is the 
simple predicate and pleasant an attribute. Is is 
modified by in the summer time, an adverbial ele- 
ment; time is modified by the and summer, adjec- 
tive elements, and when the trees are green an 
adjective clause. When, a conjunctive adverb of 
time, connects the subordinate to the principal 
clause and' modifies are. T?-ces is the subject of the 
subordinate clause, are the predicate, and green an 
attribute. 




QUESTIONS ON COiVIPOSITION. 

PAPER NO. I. 

i. Define paragraph, pleonasm, ambiguity, and con- 
cord. 

2. Define three figures of speech, and illustrate each 
with a sentence. 

3. Why should composition and letter writing have a 
prominent place in school work? 

4. How is a quotation written within a quotation? 
Illustrate. 

5. Write a check on your nearest bank for $87.15, 
without a blank form. 

6. Write a composition on the subject, "The Value of 
an Education." 

PAPER NO. II. 

1. Define fiction, biography, memoir, barbarism and 
harmony. 

2. What is a frontispiece? Vignette? 

3. Distinguish direct and indirect quotation. 

4. Define antithesis, synecdoche, metonymy. Illus- 
trate each with a sentence. 

5. Write sentences illustrating the correct use of to, 
too, and two. 

6. Write a composition on the subject, "Vacation." 



QUESTIONS ON COMPOSITION 101 

PAPER NO. III. 

i. What are the uses of Figures of Speech? 

2. Name the different parts of a letter and define 
each. 

3. What is the difference between rhyme and blank 
verse? 

4. Give several forms of prose composition. 

5 Write a negotiable note for $125.50, due in four 
months and bearing 6% interest. 

6. Write a composition on the subject, "Trees." 

PAPER NO. IV. 

1. Define wit, tautology, sarcasm and pathos. 

2. Define metaphor and hyperbole. Illustrate each 
with a sentence. 

3. What are the essential qualities of good language? 

4. Write a loose sentence, a balanced, a periodic. 

5. Write a letter of application for a position adver- 
tised in some daily paper. 

6. Write a composition on the following subject : 
"My Term's Work." 

PAPER NO. V. 

1. What is rhythm? 

2. Define solecism, parable, burlesque, obsolete and 
redundant words. 

3. What is meant by invention? How may it be ac- 
quired? 

4. Define three figures of speech, and write sentences 
illustrating each. 

. 5. Write a short article of news for a daily paper. 
6. Write a composition on "Examinations." 



io2 THE COUNTY EXAMINER 

PAPER NO. VI. 

i. What is description? Narration? 

2. What is a parody? A pun? 

3. What is Epic poetry? Dramatic poetry? Lyric 
poetry? Give an example of each. 

4. Give ten rules for the use of capitals. 

5. Write a short biography of some noted general of 
the United States. 

6. Write a composition on one of the following topics : 
"Our Country" or "Cuba." 

PAPER NO. VII. 

1. What is meant by euphemism? Continuity? 

2. What is a periodic sentence? A balanced sentence? 
A loose sentence? 

3. What is punctuation? Make and name the points 
used . 

4. What figures of speech are founded upon likeness? 

5. Give synonyms for the following words: Adjacent, 
punish, frustrate, banish, hide. 

6. Select one of the following topics and write a 
composition of 100 words: "The Seasons," "Industry," 
"Politeness." 

PAPER NO. VIII. 

1. What is composition? 

2. What is meant by purity, propriety, and precision? 

3. Give three rules for the use of the comma. 

4. Define personification, and illustrate with a sen- 
tence. 

5. What is an allegory? 

6. Write a composition on the following subject: 
"Flowers." 



QUESTIONS ON COMPOSITION 103 

PAPER NO. IX. 

1. Define diction, style, essay and unity. 

2. What is a figure of speech? 

3. What rule should be regarded when you begin a 
new paragraph? 

4. Give two rules for the use of the semi-colon, two 
for the colon. 

5. Write a letter, making it complete in all its parts. 

6. From the following topics select a subject and 
write a composition: "Dreams," "Skating," "Early 
Rising." 

PAPER NO. X. 

1. Define rhetoric, capitals, stanza and perspicuity. 

2. Distinguish between tragedy and comedy. 

3. What do you understand by strength in Composi- 
tion? Clearness? Emphasis? 

4. Give an outline for a biography of some noted 
man. 

5. What is alliteration? An outline? Provincialism? 

6. Write a composition on the following subject: 
"Clouds." 




ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS ON 
COMPOSITION. 

PAPER NO. I. 

1. A fiaragrafh is a sentence or series of sen- 
tences on the same branch of a subject. 

Pleonasm is the use of more words than is 
necessary. 

Ambiguity is doubleness of meaning involved 
in the construction of a sentence. 

Concord is the agreement of the parts of a 
sentence. 

2. A simile is an explicit comparison. Example: 
He is as silent as the tomb. 

An exclamatioyi gives strong expression by 
expressing emotion. Example: What a sad oc- 
currence ! 

An emigrant is any brief saying, full of mean- 
ing. Example: He is conspicuous for his absence. 

3. Composition and letter writing is of much 
importance in school work for the reason that a 
person unable to express himself on paper is unfit 
for the business cares of life. 

4. A quotation is written within a quotation by 



ANSWERS TO COMPOSITION 105 

the use of a single instead of double marks. 
Example: He said "The command, Thoushalt not 
kill/ should be heeded." 

5- 



Grayson, Ky., Jan. 1, 1907. 
The Commercial Bank 

pay to the 

order of John Doe $87.15 

r .. 7 15 

Eighty-seven ^^^c^r^~^^~^ DOLLARS. 



100 



For Mdse. 



Richard Roe. 



6. No answer is given to this question nor the 
sixth question in any of the lists on composition, 
because the invention of each individual to express 
the same general meaning would differ. 

PAPER NO. II. 

1, Fictio?? is an invented story, 

A biography is the life of a person written by 
another. 

A memoir is the incidents of the life of a 
person written by another from memory. 



106 THE COUNTY EXAMINER 

A barbarism is a violation of Purity. 

By harmony is meant the prevalence of pleas- 
ing sound. 

2. A frontispiece is a picture opposite the title 
page of a book. 

A vignette is a small picture, not occupying a 
full page and may be placed in any part of the 
book. 

3„ A jdirect quotation is one in which you give 
the exact words of another, and should be inclosed 
in quotation marks. 

An indirect quotation is giving the meaning 
of another, but not the exact words. No quotation 
marks are used. 

4. Antithesis is founded on contrast or opposi- 
tion of meaning. Example: Enemies in war; in 
peace friends. 

A synecdoche is a figure in which a part is put 
for the whole. Example: It is a town of a hundred 
chimneys. 

A metonymy is a change of name. Example: 
He addressed the chair. 

5. Sentences illustrating the use of the words, 
to, too and two: 

He went to town. 

He is entirely too lazy. 

I saw two girls. 



ANSWERS TO COMPOSITION 107 

PAPER NO. III. 

1. Figures of Speech are necessary to supply 
the barrenness of language and make it more 
pleasing. 

2. The heading of a letter includes the place 
where, and the time when the letter is written. 

The address has four parts, viz : the name of 
the person to whom the letter is to be sent, the 
title, the place of business or residence, the saluta- 
tion, which is, "Dear Sir," or some form in keeping 
with the relation between the writer and the per- 
son addressed. 

The body of the letter follows the salutation 
and includes the entire thought intended to be 
conveyed. 

The subscription consists of the complimen- 
tary close and the name of the writer. 

The superscription is the address which is writ- 
ten upon the envelope. 

3. Rhyme is the succession of like sounds in 
different words at the end of lines of poetry. 

Blank verse is verse that does not rhyme. 

4. The principal forms of Prose Composition 
are: letters, nezvs, editorial, diaries, reviexvs, essays, 
treatises, travels, history and fiction. 



ioS THE COUNTY EXAMINER 

5. $127.50 Grayson, Ky., Jan. 1, 1907. 

Four months after date, for value received, 

I promise to pay John Doe, or order, One hundred 

Twenty-seven and yW Dollars with interest at Qfo, 

after maturity. 

RICHARD ROE. 

PAPER NO. IV. 

1. Wit is the discovery of such an unexpected 
relation between ideas as will excite surprise. 

Tautology is the repetition of the same 
thought in different words. 

Sarcasm is a keen, cutting, though witty ex- 
pression. 

Pathos is the quality of style that awakens the 
tender emotions. 

2. A metaphor is an implied comparison. Ex- 
ample: He is a lion. 

Hyperbole is exaggerating in order to make 
the thought more effective. Example: The waves 
rolled mountain high. 

3. Purity, propriety, precision of diction, and 
tmtty, clearness, strength, emphasis and harmony are 
essential qualities of good language. 

4. Loose sentence: We finished our work, at last, 
after much difficulty. 

Balanced: " Worth makes the man; the want 
of it, the fellow." 

Periodic: Unless you keep your promise to 
complete the task assigned, I will not give you my 



ANSWERS TO COMPOSITION iop 

endorsement. 

5. Grayson, Ky., Jan. 1, 1907. 

Mr. John Doe, 

Denver, Col. 
Dear Sir: — 

Having seen your advertisement in the 
"Daily Eagle" for a clerk, I make application for 
the position. For a number of years I was chief 
clerk in a general merchandise store at this place. 
I refer you to Jones and Smith of this city, my for- 
mer employers. 

^Thanking you in advance for a consideration of 
my application, I am, 

Yours truly, 

RICHARD ROE. 
PAPER NO. V. 

1. Rhythm is the smoothe and melodious flow of 
the voice. It occurs in poetry at regular intervals; 
in prose at variable intervals. 

2. A solecism is a violation of the laws of syntax. 
A pai'able is a short allegory founded upon some 
religious or moral truth. A burlesque aims to make 
a thing seem bad by comparing it to something 
low or degrading. An obsolete word is one that • 
has gone out of general use. Redundant words are 
words used when the sense does not require them. 

3. Invention is finding out what to say. It can 
only ;be acquired by sufficient study to make one 
thoroughly acquainted with the language. 



no THE COUNTY EXAMINER 

4. An apostrophe is a "turning from the regular 
course of thought, and addressing the absent as 
though present, using the second person. Exam- 
ple: " England, with all thy^ faults, I love thee still." 
An interrogation is putting language in the 
form of a question, when no answer is expected. 
Example: "Do we provoke the Lord to jealousy?" 
Irony is ridiculing an object ur^der the pre- 
tense of praising it. -. Example: "And Brutus' is an 
honorable man.''' 

5- About daylight this morning Grayson was 
visited by a severe storm, many houses were razed, 
some unroofed, and but few, if any, failed to receive 
damage in some way. Considering the velocity of 
the storm and the damage done to the buildings, it 
is remarkable that no lives were lost. A number 
of people received injuries, but none serious. 

PAPER NO. VI. 

1. Description is a word painting of an object 
or scene. 

Narration is the presentation of a succession 
of events in order. 

2. A parody is a writing in which some sublime, 
or serious subject is degraded by being applied to 
something of a lower nature to give it a ludicrous 
effect. A pun is a play upon words. 

3. Epic poetry is poetry that recites some great 
and heroic enterprise. Example: Milton's Paradise 
Lost. 



ANSWERS TO COMPOSITION in 

Dramatic poetry is founded upon: some great 
deed or transaction, and is written exclusively in 
the form of dialogue. Example: Shadespeare's 
Romeo and Juliet. 

Lyric poetry is so called because it was for- 
merly intended to be sung to the accompaniment 
of a lyre. It includes the elegies; odes, songs, and 
sonnets. Example: Gray's Elegy. 

4. The following are rules for capitals: 

( a) The first word of every sentence, 

(b) The first word of every line of poetry. 

(c) Names of things personified. 

(d) The pronoun I and the interjection O. 

(e) All names of the Deity. 

(f) Names of the months and days of the 
week. 

(g) Adjectives derived from proper names. 
(h) Words repeated for emphasis. 

(i) The first word of a direct quotation, 
(J) Words of special importance. 

5. Winfield Scott Hancock, one of the most 
noted generals of the Civil War, was born near 
Philadelphia in 1824. He graduated at W T est Point, 
served in the Mexican and Civil Wars, in both of 
which he did gallant service. He fought at Antie- 
tam, Gettysburg, and several of the battles around 
Richmond. In 1866 he was made a major-general 
and continued in the army until his death in 1886. 



ii2 THE COUNTY EXAMINER 

PAPER NO. VII. 

i. Euphemism is a mild way of saying some- 
thing that would otherwise sound harsh. 

Continuity is the arrangement of the parts of 
a writing so as to make the thought easily under- 
stood by the reader, 

2. A pei'iodic sentence is one in which you are 
kept in suspense of its meaning until the close. 

A balanced sentence contains two clauses 
w r hich are similiar in form and to some extent con- 
trasted in meaning. 

A Loose sentence is one that might be brought 
to a close at two or more different places and yet 
give complete meaning. 

3. Punctuation is the art of indicating the gram- 
matical and rhetorical construction of a sentence, 
by means of points and marks. The grammatical 
points are the comma (,), the semi-colon ( ;), colon 
(:) and period (.). The rhetorical: the interroga- 
tion (?), exclamation (!), parenthesis (()), dash 
( — ), bracket ([ ] ), caret (/\ ). 

4. The figures of speech that are founded upon 
likeness, are the simile, metaphor, allegory and 
personification. 

5. The synonyms for adjacent are adjoining and 
contiguous; for punish, chastise and chasten; frus- 
trate, defeat and baffle; for banish, exile and expel; 
for hide, conceal and secrete. 



ANSWERS TO COMPOSITION iij 

PAPER NO. VIII. 

1. Composition is the art of arranging words into 
sentences, sentences into paragraphs, and para- 
graphs into discourse. 

2. Purity consists of the use of such words as 
are used by the best writers and speakers. 

Propriety consists in using the right word in 
the right place. 

Precision consists in selecting the words that 
convey the meaning intended. 

3. Phrases and single words used parenthetical- 
ly, dependent and conditional clauses, and inverted 
clauses, standing at the beginning of sentences, 
should be separated from the rest of the sentence 
by commas. 

4. Personification consists in attributing life to 
inanimate objects. 

5. An allegory is a comparison in which the 
main subject is suppressed. It is a continued me- 
taphor. Ex.: "God brought a vine out of Egypt, 
and planted it in Palestine." 

PAPER NO. IX. 

1. Diction treats of the selection and the right 
use of wotds. 

Style is the manner of expression. 
An essay is a writing in which a person gives 
his views on a particular subject. 
Unity is oneness of thought. 



ii 4 THE COUNTY EXAMINER 

2. A figure of speech is a departure from the 
plain, ordinary use of language in order to make 
the meaning more effective. 

3. Each paragraph should begin on a separate 
line, and a little to the right of the remaining lines 
of the paragraph. 

4. Clauses and expressions having a common 
dependence, and additional clauses complete in 
themselves, should be separated from the rest of 
the sentence by semi-colons. 

The colon is used before a direct quotation, 

and the words yes and no, in answer to a question 

provided the words which follow are repetitions of 
the answer. 

5. Grayson. Ky., Jan. 1, 1907. 

Mr. John Doe, 

Akron, O. 
Dear Sir: — 

It is my intention to visit your city in 
the near future for the purpose of purchasing a 
general store. If you have the time to spare, please 
make an investigation of any available property 
and report to me at once. 

Yours truly, 

Richard Roe. 

PAPER NO. X. 

1. Rhetoric is the science which treats of dis- 
course. 

Capitals are distinguishing letters. 



ANSWERS TO COMPOSITION us 

A stanza is a number of lines of poetry taken 
together. 

Perspicuity is a quality of style by which a 
writer's meaning is easily understood. 

2. Tragedy is a drama that represents some 
solemn or religious topic. 

A comedy is a drama that is intended to pro- 
voke mirth. 

3. By strength is meant the construction of a 
sentence, so as to give the thought full force. 

Clearness is an arrangement of the parts of 
a sentence so that the meaning cannot be mistaken. 

Emphasis is an arrangement so as to give a 
conspicuous position to the main part of a sentence. 

4. Outline for composition: 

1. Birth and early life. 

2. Service in French and Indian 
War. 

3. Service in Revolutionary War. 

4. First President of United States. 
I 5. His retirement at Mount Ver- 
[ non, and death. 

5. Alliteration is a series of words beginning 
with the same letter. 

An Outline is a systematic arrangement to be 
followed in writing a composition or essay. 

A provincialism is a word, or expression pe- 
culiar to a certain locality. 



Washington 



QUESTIONS ON GEOGRAPHY. 

PAPER NO. I. 

i. What determines the location of the tropics and 
polar circles? 

2. Where are the coal regions of the United States? 
Salmon fisheries? 

3. Name the chief islands, border seas, and gulfs of 
the Atlantic Ocean? 

4. For what are each of the following noted : Alps, 
Nile, Jacksonville, Himalaya, Quito, Venice, Athens, 
Mecca, Jerusalem, and Rhine. 

5. In what countries are diamonds found? 

6. What bodies of land and water are crossed by the 
Tropic of Capricorn? 

7. Name the countries in Europe occupying peninsu- 
las. 

8. Name and locate four seas in Asia. Four moun- 
tain chains in Europe. 

9. Name in order the waters over which a vessel 
would sail from Duluth to Odessa. 

10. What and where is Liberia? 

PAPER NO. II. 

1. What government has possessions on every contin- 
ent in the world? Mention the most important of these 
possessions. 

2. What countries produce the following: Indigo, 



QUESTIONS ON GEOGRAPHY 117 

cloves, nutmeg, ginger, opium, silk, tea, coffee, wine and 
cinnamon? 

3. Where is Switzerland? For what is it noted, and 
what kind of government has it? 

4. Name an important seaport in each of the Grand 
Divisions. 

5. Name the largest, the smallest, the most populous, 
and the most sparsely settled States in the Union, and 
give two cities in each. 

6. What is a volcano, a geyser, an earthquake? 

7. What causes the change of seasons? 

8. Contrast the climate of Maine and Washington. 
Why the difference? 

9. Through what countries, large islands, and bodies 
of water would you pass if you were to follow the equator 
around the world? 

10. Describe the Atlantic Coast Plain. 

PAPER NO. III. 

1. What and where are the two largest deserts? Give 
causes. 

2. What is the greatest latitude a place can have? 
The greatest longitude? Why? Where is there neither 
latitude nor loneitude? 

3. What are the three principal river systems of 
South America? What part of the Grand Division is 
drained by each and by what names are the valleys 
known? 

4. What composes Danish America? 

5. What are Isothermal lines? Why do they deviate 
from the parallels of latitude? 

6. What is the largest city in each of the Grand 



u8 THE COUNTY EXAMINER 

Divisions? 

7. What and where are the following: Carson, George, 
Gila, San Joaquin, Patagonia, Hayti, Hecla, Tasmania, 
Honolulu and Moscow? 

8. Why is there more rainfall in the eastern than in 
the western part of the United States? 

9. Name the Gulf States and give their capitals. 

10. Name the waters over Avhich a vessel would sail in 
going from St. Petersburg to Galveston. 

PAPER NO. IV. 

1. What causes day and night? 

2. Name and define the three divisions of Geography? 

3. What is the Gulf Stream? What effect does it 
have upon the climates of the countries near which it 
flows? 

4. Name the leading states of the United States in 
the production of the following articles: Corn, wheat, to- 
bacco, rice, cotton, sugar cane, hemp, gold, silver and 
iron. 

5. Give full explanation of Standard Time. 

6. What are the equinoxes? The solstices? When 
does each occur? 

7. Name one river, two cities and three products of 
Australia. 

8. What is a canon? 

9. What are the tides? What causes them? 

io, Name the States that border on the Great Lakes, 
and give Capital of each. 

PAPER NO. V. 

1. Account for the location and size of the different 



QUESTIONS ON GEOGRAPHY up 

rivers of the United States. 

2. What are parallels? Meridians? Latitude and 

longitude? 

3. What compose the German Empire? Give its Cap- 
ital and chief cities. 

4. What is the general shape of Africa? Give its 
coast line and surface features. 

5. What country controls Madagascar? Canary Is- 
lands? Cape Verde Islands? St. Helena and Corsica? 

6. Name several of the East India Islands. To what 
country does each belong? 

7. What is the location of Mexico? Surface? Clim- 
ate? Productions? Chief cities? 

8. Name the zones and give their width in degrees. 

9. How long is a day at the North Pole? 

10. In which Grand Division is found the extremes of 
surface elevation and depression? 

PAPER NO. VI. 

1. What are the dimensions of the earth? 

2. Define "Island," "Cape," "Archipelago," "Isth- 
mus," and "Peninsula." 

3. Name the groups of the West India Islands, and 
the largest island of each group. 

4. Where are the principal forest regions of the 
United States? 

5. Of what importance is Alaska to the United States? 

6. Where is there a river that flows both ways? What 
is its name, and what river systems does it connect? 

7. Name the chief rivers of Africa. 

8. What islands belonging to England lie south and 
southeast of Australia? 



i-2 o THE COUNTY EXAMINER 

9. Name the chief river of British America. What 
lake does it drain? 

10. Where are the Andes Mountains? Name three of 
the highest peaks. 

PAPER NO. VII. 

1. How are springs formed? What are artesian wells? 

2. Name the political divisions of North America. 

3. Name the principal rivers of the Atlantic slope and 
tell into what each empties. 

4. Name the islands in the Pacific Ocean that belong- 
to the United States. 

5. What are the five leading exports of the United 
States? The five leading imports. 

6. What country in Europe leads in the production of 
wheat? Name its chief rivers and tell where they empty. 

7. In what zones does South America lie? Name its 
political divisions. 

8. What and where are the following: Titicaca, Pan- 
ama, Popocatepetl, Lands-End, and Korea? 

9. Name the Grand Divisions in the order of their 
area and population. 

10. Where is Japan? Of what is it composed? Name 
its chief cities and principal products. 

PAPER NO. VIII. 

i. Name in order of their size and locate the five 
oceans. 

2. Locate the following cities : Dublin, Sydney, Cal- 
cutta, Seoul, Ottawa, Colombo, Sitka, Turin, Callao and 
Oporto. 

3. Why are the polar circles and tropics placed just 



QUESTIONS ON GEOGRAPHY 121 

where they are? 

4. Describe the Valley of the Nile. 

5. What and where is the Yellowstone Park? 

6. Give the water boundaries of the United States. 

7. Name the states that touch the Mississippi River 
and give the capital of each. 

8. In what country are found plants characteristic of 
each climatic zone? 

9. Define great circle, basin, erosion, oasis and bayou. 
10. What beasts of burden are used by the Laplanders? 

The Esquimaux? Travelers crossing the Sahara? 

PAPER NO. IX. 

1. What is an estuary? A delta? Name two of each. 

2. What are the products of India, Switzerland, China, 
Brazil and Canada? 

3. What and where are the following : Catskill, Yazoo, 
Belize, Crete, St. Augustine, Naples, Pretoria, Darden- 
elles, Vancouver and Azov. 

4. Name the New England States in order of size 
and give the capital of each. 

5. What is dew, fog, frost, rain, snow. 

6. Explain what causes tides. Ocean currents. Trade 
winds. 

7. Name the races of mankind and tell where each is 
principally found. 

8. Where is Cuba? What is its form of government? 
Capital? Principal products? 

9. What form of government has each of the follow- 
ing countries : Brazil, France, Russia, Greece, Germany? 

10. What animals are found in South America? 
PAPER NO. X. 
1. Name the principal rivers that flow into the Gulf 



122 THE COUNTY EXAMINER 

of Mexico. 

2. What large empire is drained by the Danube? 
What of its surface and products? 

3. Name the principal animals found in Africa. 
What are the products of Africa? 

4. Name three volcanoes in the Andes. 

5. Give a water route from Venice to Vladivostok. 

6. Where is quicksilver found? 

7. Name the highest mountain peak of each of the 
Grand Divisions. 

8. Name and locate four inland bodies of salt water 
and give reason for their water being salty. 

9. Name and locate the principal capes of Eurasia. 
10. Give approximately the area of the Grand Divi- 
sions. 




ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS ON 
GEOGRAPHY. 

PAPER NO. I. 

i. The location of the Tropics and Polar Circles, 
is determined by the inclination of the earth's axis, 
together with its revolution around the sun. 

2. The coal of the United States is found princi- 
pally in the States of Pennsylvania, West Virginia, 
Ohio, Kentucky, Tennessee and Alabama, in the 
eastern coal fields; and in Illinois, Missouri and 
Iowa, in the middle coal fields. 

Salmon is found on the western Coast of the 
United States, principally in the Columbia river, 
and in the eastern part along the coast of Maine. 

3. The chief islands of the Atlantic Ocean are, 
the Greater and Lesser Antilles, Bahama Islands, 
Prince Edward, Cape Breton, Newfoundland, St. 
Helena, Cape Verde and British Isles. Seas: Car- 
ibbean, Mediterranean and North Sea. Gulfs: St. 
Lawrence, Mexico and Guina. 

4. The Alps are noted for their beautiful 
scenery; the Nile, for its annual overflow; Jackson- 
ville, is a winter resort; Himalaya, the highest 



i2 4 THE COUNTY EXAMINER 

mountains in the world; Quito, for being located 
on the equator; Venice, city with canals for streets; 
Athens, for its ancient greatness; Mecca, the birth- 
place of Mohammed; Jerusalem, the Holy City of 
the Jews; the Rhine, for the beautiful scenery 
along its course, 

5. Diamonds are found principally in South 
Africa, and in Brazil, South America. 

6. The Tropic of Capricorn crosses South Amer- 
ica, Atlantic Ocean, Africa, Madagascar, Indian 
Ocean, Australia and Pacific Ocean. 

7. The countries of Europe occupying peninsu- 
las are Spain and Portugal, Italy, Greece and 
Turkey, Norway and Sweden, and Denmark. 

8. The following seas are on the eastern coast 
of Asia: South China, East China, Yellow and 
Japan. 

Four mountains of Europe are the Alps, in 
Switzerland; Apennines, in Italy; Pyrenees, in 
Spain; Carpathian, in Austria-Hungary. 

9. A vessel in going from Duluth to Odessa 
would sail on Lake Superior, White Fish Bay, St. 
Mary's river, Lake Huron, St. Clair river, St. Clair 
Lake, Detroit river, Lake Erie, Niagara river, 
Lake Ontario, St. Lawrence river, Gulf of St. 
Lawrence, Atlantic Ocean, Straits of Gibraltar, 
Mediterranean Sea, Aegean Sea, Straits of Dar- 
danelles, Sea of Marmora, Bosphorus Strait, and the 
Black Sea. 



ANSWERS TO GEOGRAPHY 125 

10. Libera is an independent republic on the 
west coast of Africa. It was settled by emanci- 
pated slaves from the United States. 

PAPER NO. II. 

1. England has possessions on every continent. 
In Asia, she owns India; In Africa, Orange River 
Colony; In America, Dominion of Canada and 
many of the West India Islands. Besides these 
she owns islands in every part of the earth, and 
the Continent of Australia. 

2. Indigo is found in India; cloves, in Moluccas or 
Spice Islands; nutmeg, Madagascar; ginger, East 
and West Indies; opium, India and China; silk, 
China and Italy; tea, China and Japan; coffee, 
South America and West Indies; wine, Spain and 
Portugal; ciftnamon, Ceylon. 

3. Switzerland is in Europe, and is bounded on 
the north by Germany, east by Austria-Hungary, 
south by Italy and west by France. It is noted for 
its beautiful scenery, and has a republican form of 
government. 

4. Liverpool is an important seaport of Europe; 
New York, of North America; Canton, of Asia; 
Buenos Aires, of South America; Cape Town, of 
Africa; Melbourne, of Australia. 

5. The largest state in the Union is Texas', 
cities: Galveston and Dallas. The smallest State 
is Rhode Island', cities: Newport and Pawtucket. 
New York is the most populous ; cities : Buffalo and 



126 THE COUNTY EXAMINER 

Rochester. Nevada is the most sparsely settled; 
cities: Reno and Virginia City. 

6. A volcano is an opening into the earth's inter- 
ior, from which issues smoke, ashes and melted 
rock or lava. A geyser is a hot spring from which 
water and steam issues with great force. An 
earthquake is a vibration or trembling of the earth's 
surface, caused by a wave-like motion of the fluid 
interior. 

7. The seasons are caused by the inclination of 
the earth's axis, the parallelism of its axis, its ro- 
tation on its axis and its revolutions around the 
sun. 

8. The climate of Maine is much colder than 
that of Washington. Maine's climate is affected 
by the cold currents from the Arctic Ocean, while 
that of Washington is affected by the warm Japan 
current. 

9. The equator passes through South America, 
Atlantic Ocean, Indian Ocean, Sumatra, Borneo, 
Celebes Islands and Pacific Ocean. 

10. The eastern half of the Atlantic Plain, south 
of the Hudson River, is low, flat and sandy, the 
streams are sluggish and the tides ascend to a 
great distance. This is called the tidewater region. 
West of this the plain rises more rapidly. This is 
called the Piedmont region. The Plain is much 
narrower in the north than in the south. 



ANSWERS TO GEOGRAPHY 127 

PAPER NO. III. 

1. The two largest deserts are the Sahara, of 
Northern Africa, and Gobi of China. They are 
caused by the continuous highlands surrounding 
them, which prevent the moisture from entering 
their vast areas. 

2. The greatest latitude a place can have is 90°, 
because latitude does not extend beyond the poles. 
The greatest longitude is 180°, because longitude 
is measured east and west of some prime meridian, 
and can extend but half way around the earth. 
There is neither latitude nor longitude where the 
prime meridian crosses the equator. 

3. The three principal river systems of South 
America are the Orinoco, Amazon and La Plata. 
The Orinoco Valley is called the Llanos. It drains 
the northern part. The Amazon Valley is called 
the Selvas. It drains the central part. The La 
Plata Valley is called Pampas. It drains the south- 
ern part. 

4. Greenland and Iceland compose Danish 
America, 

5. Lines passing around the earth that connect 
places of the same annual temperature are called 
isothennal lines. Ocean currents, elevation of sur- 
face and other causes affecting climate tend to 
make the lines deviate. 

6. The largest city in Europe is London; in 
Asia, Canton; in North America, New York: in 



i28 THE CO UNTY EX A MINER 

South America, Buenos Aires; in Africa, Cairo; in 
Australia, Melbourne^ 

7. Carson is a city in Nevada; George, a lake in 
New York; Gila, a river in Arizona; San Joaquin, 
a river in California; Patagonia, a division of Ar- 
gentine Republic in South America; Hayti, one of 
the islands of the West Indians; Hecla, a volcano 
in Iceland; Tasmania, an island south of Australia; 
Honolulu, chief city of Hawaiian Islands; Moscow, 
city in Russia. 

8. The lack of rainfall in the western part of 
the United States, is due to the high mountains 
which prevent the moisture from passing inland to 
any great distance. 

9. The Gulf States with capitals are as follows: 
Florida Tallahassee; Alabama, Montgomery; Mis- 
sissippi, Jackson; Louisiana, Baton Rouge; Texas, 
Austin. 

10. In going from St. Petersburg to Galveston, 
a vessel would pass over the Gulf of Finland, 
Baltic Sea, Cattegat, Skaggerack, North Sea, At- 
lantic Ocean, Florida Strait, and Gulf of Mexico. 

PAPER NO. IV. 

1, Day and night is caused by the rotation ot 
the earth on its axis. 

2. Mathematical Geography treats of the form, 
size and motions of the earth and its relation to 
other heavenly bodies. Physical Geography treats 
of the land, water and the atmosphere. Political Ge- 



ANSWERS TO GEOGRAPHY i2 9 

ography treats of man as an inhabitant, the political 
divisions made and the governments controlled by 
him. 

3. The Gulf Stream is a warm current of water 
that issues from the Gulf of Mexico. It follows our 
coast as far north as Cape Hatteras, crosses the 
Atlantic Ocean to Norway and Sweden and termin- 
ates in the Arctic Ocean, But for its influence the 
climate of Europe, in the same latitude, would be 
as cold as Labrador. 

4. Iowa produces the most corn; Minnesota, 
wheat; Kentucky, tobacco; South Carolina, rice; 
Texas, cotton; Louisiana, sugar cane; Kentucky, 
hemp; California, gold; Colorado, silver; Pennsyl- 
vania, iron 

5. Standard time is the time adopted by the 
various railway systems, and by which they run 
their trains. The United States is divided into 
four divisions of time, viz.: Eastern, Central, 
Mountain, and Pacific. 

6. The equinoxes are the times of the year when 
the days and nights are of equal length, throughout 
the globe. This occurs on the 21st of March, and 
22nd of September. 

The solstices are the times of the year when 
the sun' a rays reach their most northern and south- 
ern limits. They occur June 21st and December 21st. 

7. The Murray is a river of Australia, Brisbane 
and Adelaide are cities; gold, wool and meat are 



ijo THE COUNTY EXAMINER 

products. 

8. A canon is a deep cut worn into the earth by a 
stream of water. 

9. Tides are the regular rising and falling of the 
waters of the sea. They are caused by the attrac- 
tion of the sun and moon. 

10. The following are the States that touch the 
Great Lakes: New York, capital, Albany; Pennsyl- 
vania, Harrisburg; Ohio, Columbus; Indiana, Indi- 
anapolis; Illinois, Springfield; Wisconsin, Madison; 
Minnesota, St. Paul; Michigan, Lansing. 

PAPER NO. V. 

1, The Rocky mountains on the west and the 
Appalachian mountains on the east, form divides 
between the streams that flow into the Pacific and 
Atlantic oceans, and the Gulf of Mexico and Great 
Lakes. The rivers of the Pacific slope are fed 
mostly from snow melting in the mountains. The 
rivers of the central lowland have their source in 
the mountain regions, but are fed mostly by the 
abundant rainfall of this section and carry large 
volumes of water. The rivers that empty into the 
Atlantic are short, and consequently do not carry 
such an abundance of water, 

2. Parallels are lines extending around the 
earth in the same direction as the equator. Merid- 
ians are lines running around the earth from 
north to south. Latitude is distance measured 
north and south of the equator. Longitude is 



ANSWERS TO GEOGRAPHY 131 

distance measured east and west from some meridi- 
an, designated as the prime meridian. 

3. The German empire is composed of a feder- 
ation of 25 states with one imperial province. Its 
capital is Berlin. Chief cities: Hamburg, Bremen, 
Leipzig, Breslau and Dresden. 

4. Africa is triangular in shape. It has a regu L 
lar coast line. Most of the surface is a plateau 
surrounded by a rim of mountains. The Atlas 
mountains are the most important. 

5. Madagascar is controlled by France; Canary 
and Cape Verde Islands, by Spain; St. Helena, by 
England; Corsica, by France. 

6. Of the East India Islands, Java, Sumatra and 
parts of Borneo and New Guinea, and most of the 
small islands belong to Holland. England owns 
the northern part of Borneo, Germany the north- 
ern part of New Guinea and Portugal Timor. 

7. Mexico lies between Central America and the 
United States. Its surface is mostly highlands. 
The climate on the mountains is cold and on the 
slopes temperate, while that of the valleys or low- 
lands, is tropical. Its chief products are coffee, 
cotton, sugar cane, tobacco and hemp. The chief 
cities are Vera Cruz, - Mazatlin, Monterey and 
Pueblo; 

8. There are two frigid zones, each 23|- degrees 
wide; two- temperate, each 43 degrees wide; one 
torridy-47- degrees wide. - •• • 



i 3 2 THE COUNTY EXAMINER 

0. A day at the North Pole is six months long. 
It begins the 21st day of March and ends the 21st 
day of September. This is caused by the revolu- 
tion of the earth around the sun together with the 
inclination of its axis. 

10. The extremes of surface elevation and de- 
pression are in Asia. The highest being the Him- 
alaya mountains, and the surface of the Dead Sea 
being the lowest. 

PAPER NO. VI, 

1. The earth's diameter is 7,899 miles, its cir- 
cumference is 24,899 miles, and its surface is 
196,000,000 square miles. 

2. An island is a small body of land surrounded 
by water. A cape is a point of land projecting into 
the water. An archipelago is a group of islands. 
An isthmus is a neck of land joining two larger 
bodies of land. A peninsula is a body of land 
nearly surrounded by water. 

3. There are three groups in the West Indies: 
Greater and Lesser Antilles, and Bahama Islands. 
The largest of the greater Antilles are: Cuba, 
Hayti, Porto Rico, and Jamaica. Of the Lesser 
Antilles are Trinidad, Martinique, Dominica and 
Guadaloupe. Of the Bahama Islands are Andros, 
San Salvador and Great Bahama. 

4. The principal forest regions of the United 
States are in Washington, Oregon, Michigan, 



ANSWERS TO GEOGRAPHY 133 

Maine and Mississippi, 

5. Alaska is important on account of its gold, 
furs , whale and seal fisheries. 

6. The Cassaquiari river in South America, 
during a part of the year flows into the Orinoco 
system and the remainder of the year into the 
Amazon system. 

7. The chief rivers of Africa are the Nile, Niger, 
Kongo, Zambesi, and Orange. 

8. England owns Tasmania, which is south of 
Australia, and New Zealand which is southeast. 

9. The McKenzie is the chief river of British 
America. It drains Great Bear, Great Slave and 
Athabasca Lakes. 

10. The Andes mountains extend north and 
south along the western coast of South America. 
Illiniani, Aft. Aconcagua and Mt. Tolima are the 
principal peaks. 

PAPER NO. VII. 

1. Water bubbling from the ground is called a 
Spring. An artesian zuell results from the boring 
of a hole through the coarse-grained rocks of 
the earth, which permits the water to escape, and 
frequently with much force. 

2. The political divisions of North America are, 
the United States, including Alaska, the Dominion 
of Canada, Central American States, West Indies, 
Greenland and Iceland. 

3. The principal rivers of the Atlantic Slope are, 



i 3 4 THE COUNTY EXAMINER 

the Penobscot, which enters into Penobscot bay; 
the Kennebec, into Casco bay; Merrimac, into the 
Atlantic Ocean; Connecticut, into Long Island 
sound; Hudson, into New York bay; Delaware, into 
Delaware Bay; Susquehanna and Potomac, into 
Chesapeake bay; Roanoke, into Albermarle sound; 
Savannah and Altamaha, into the Atlantic ocean. 

4. In the Pacific ocean the United States owns 
the Hawaiian Islands, Philippines, Guam and 
Tutuila. 

5. The principal exports of the United States 
are cotton, iron, petroleum, breadstuffs and tobacco. 
The imports are sugar, silk, hides coffee and rub- 
ber. 

6. Russia leads the other countries of Europe 
in the production of wheat. Its principal rivers 
are the Volga, which enters into the Caspian sea; 
Dnieper, into the Bay of Odessa; Petchora, into 
the Arctic Ocean; Dwina, into the White sea. 

7. South America lies in the Torrid and South 
Temperate zones. 

Venezuela, Columbia, Ecuador, Peru, Chile, 
Argentina, Uruguay, Brazil, Paraguay, Bolivia, and 
British, Dutch and French Guina are its political 
divisions. 

8. Titicaca is a lake in South America; Panama, 
an isthmus that joins North and South America; 
Popocatepetl, a volcano in Mexico; Lands-End cape 
at southwestern extremity of England; Korea, a 



ANSWERS TO GEOGRAPHY i 35 

strait between China and Japan. 

g. The Grand Divisions in order of their area 
are Asia, Africa, North America, South America, 
Europe and Australia. In order of their popula- 
tion, Asia, Europe, Africa, North America, South 
America, Australia. 

10. Japan occupies a chain of islands east of 
Asia extending from Kuril islands on the north to 
Formosa on the south. Its chief cities are Tokyo, 
Yokahoma and Kyota. The productions are sil- 
ver, copper, coal, rice, silk and fish. 

PAPER NO. VIII. 

1. The oceans in order of their size are: first, 
the Pacific, which lies between North and South 
America on the east, and Asia and Australia on 
the west; second, the Atlantic, between Europe 
and Africa on the east, and North and South 
America on the west; third, the Indian, between 
the Antarctic ocean on the south and Asia on the 
north; fourth, the Antarctic lies around the south 
pole and extends north to the Antarctic circle; 
fifth, Arctic lies around the north pole and extends 
south to the Arctic circle. 

2. Dtiblin is a city in Ireland; Sidney, Australia; 
Calcutta, India; Seoul, Korea; Ottawa, Canada; 
Columbo, Ceylon; Sitka, Alaska; Turin, Italy; Cal- 
lao, Peru; Oporto, Portugal. 

%. The inclination of the earth's axis causes the 



i 3 6 THE COUNTY EXAMINER 

location of the tropics and polar circles. The 
tropics mark the direct rays of the sun north and 
south of the equator and the polar circles the 
oblique rays. 

4. The Valley of the Nile extends from the 
Mediterranean sea to the equator. With the ex- 
ception of the Mississippi-Missouri, it is the longest 
river in the world. The water which falls during 
the rainy season near the equator causes the lower 
portion of the Nile to overflow its banks, which 
makes the valley exceedingly fertile. 

5. The Yellowstone National Park is located 
principally in northwestern Wyoming, a small por- 
tion extending into the States of Montana and 
Idaho. It has been reserved by the Federal Gov- 
ernment on account of its wonderful geysers, hot 
springs, beautiful lakes and scenery. 

6. The bodies and streams of water that bound 
the United States are the Atlantic ocean, Florida 
strait, Rio Grande and Colorado rivers, Pacific 
ocean, strait of Juan de Fuca, Lake of the Woods, 
Rainy river, Rainy lake, Pigeon river, Lake Super- 
ior, St. Mary's river, Lake Huron, St. Clair river 
and St Clair lake, Detroit River, Lake Erie, Niag- 
ara river, Lake Ontario, St. Lawrence river, St. 
John's river, Grand Lake and St. Croix river. 

7. The states that touch the Mississippi river 
are as follows: Minnesota, capital, St. Paul; Iowa, 
Des Moines; Missouri, Jefferson City; Arkansas, 



ANSWERS TO GEOGRAPHY 137 

Little Rock; Louisiana, Baton Rouge; Mississippi, 
Jackson; Tennessee, Nashville; Kentucky, Frank- 
fort; Illinois, Springfield; Wisconsin, Madison. 

8. Plants characteristic of each climatic zone 
are found in Mexico. 

9. A Great Circle is one that divides the earth 
into two equal parts, 

A basin is the valley drained lyy a river sys- 
tem. 

Erosion is the wearing away of the earth's 
surface. 

An oasis is a fertile spot in a desert. 

A bayou is a swampy place or sluggish stream. 
10. The Laplanders use the reindeer as a beast 
of burden; the Esquimaux, the dog; travelers 
crossing the Sahara use the camel. 

PAPER NO. IX. 

1. An estuary is an open mouth of a river where 
the tide rises and falls. 

A Delta is a river that has two or more 
mouths. 

The Plata and Columbia rivers have estu- 
aries and the Mississippi and Orinoco have deltas. 

2. India produces rice, opium, coffee, tea, wheat 
and pepper. 

Switzerland produces dairy products and 
manufactured goods, such as watches, clocks and 
carved wood. 

China produces tea, silk, opium and cotton. 



i 3 8 THE COUNTY EXAMINER 

Brazil produces coffee, cotton and tobacco. 
Canada produces wheat, potatoes, furs, lum- 
ber, gold and silver. 

3. Catskill are mountains in New York; Yazoo, 
river in Mississippi; Belize, English colony in Cen- 
tral America; Crete, island in the Mediterranean 
Sea; St. Augustine, city in Florida; Naples, city in 
Italy; Pretoria, city in South Africa; Dardanelles, 
strait between Aegean and Marmora seas; Vancou- 
ver, island northwest of the State of Washington; 
Azov, sea north of the Black sea. 

4. The New England States in order of size, 
with capitals, are as follows: Maine, Augusta; Ver- 
mont, Montpelier; New Hampshire, Concord; Mass- 
achusetts, Boston; Co7t7iecticut, Hartford; Rhode 
Island, Providence. 

5. Dew is moisture condensed,/^ is mist float- 
ing in the air, frost is frozen dew, rain is water 
falling from the clouds, snow is water frozen into 
white crystals. 

6. Tides are caused by the attraction of the sun 
and moon, that of the moon being more apparent. 

Ocean currents are caused by the rotation of 
the earth on its axis, the evaporation in equa- 
torial regions, the melting of the polar ice and snow, 
wind and tides. 

Trade winds are caused by the heat of the 
atmosphere in the equatorial region which rises, 



ANSWERS TO GEOGRAPHY ijp 

and the air rushes in from north and south to fill 
the vacuum. 

7. The three races of mankind are the white, 
yellow and black. The white race is found chiefly 
in Europe and North America, the yellow in China 
and Australia, and the black in Africa. 

8. Cuba is south of Florida. It has a republi- 
can form of government, and its capital is Havana. 
The chief products are sugar-cane, tobacco, coffee, 
oranges and bananas. 

9. Brazil and France are republics, Russia and 
Greece monarchies, Germany is an empire. 

10. The animals of South America are jaguars, 
llamas, alpacas, deer, bears and panthers. 

PAPER NO. X. 

1. The principal rivers that empty into the Gulf 
of Mexico are the Rio Grande, Neuces, Colorado, 
Brazos, Trinity, Sabine, Mississippi, Mobile, Apal- 
achicola and Suwanee. 

2. Austria- Hungary is drained by the Danube 
river. It is nearly surrounded by high mountains, 
which enclose fertile plains. The chief products 
are wheat, flax, hemp, olives and grapes. 

3. The principal animals of Africa are the ante- 
lope, lion, giraffe, elephant, leopard, rhinoceros and 
gorilla. In the rivers are found the hippopotamus 
and crocodile. 



i 4 o THE COUNTY EXAMINER 

The products are dates, sago and oil palms, 
tobacco, esparto grass, rubber and coffee. 

4. Cotopaxi, Chimborazo and Sahama are the 
principal volcanoes of the Andes. 

5. In going by ship from Venice to Vladi- 
vostok, you pass over the following: Adriatic Sea, 
Otranto Strait, Mediterranean Sea, Suez Canal, 
Red Sea, Strait of Babel Mandeb, Arabian Sea, 
Indian Ocean, Bay of Bengal, Strait of Malacca, 
South China Sea, Formosa Strait, East China Sea, 
Korea Strait and Japan Sea. 

6. Quicksilver is found in Spain, California 
and Peru. 

7. The highest mountain peak in Asia is Mt. 
Everest, in Africa is Kilimanjaro, in North America 
is McKinley, in South America is Aconcagua, in 
Europe is Blanc, in Australia is the Australian 
Mountains. 

8. The waters of the Caspian Sea between 
Russia and Siberia, the Aral Sea in southern 
Siberia, the Great Salt Lake in Utah, and the 
Dead Sea in Asiatic Turkey are salt. This is due 
to the bodies of water having no outlet. 

9. The principal capes of Eurasia are as follows: 
North Cape, northern extremity of Norway; Finis- 
terre, western part of Spain; St, Vincent, western 
part of Portugal; Sparttvento, southern part of 
Italy; Matapan, southern part of Greece; Comorin, 



ANSWERS TO GEOGRAPHY 141 

southern part of India; Roumanta, southern part of 
Malay Peninsula; Lopatka, extremity of Kam- 
chatka; East Cape, northeast extremity of Siberia; 
Chelyuskin, the most northern cape of Siberia. 

10. The area of Asia is approximately 17,000,000 
sq. mi.; Africa, 11,500,000; North America, 9,400,000; 
South America, 6,800,000; Europe, 3,800,000; Aus- 
tralia, 3,400,000. 




QUESTIONS ON U. S. HISTORY. 

PAPER NO. I. 

i. Give an account of Arnold's Treason. 

2. How, when and from whom did we secure the ter- 
ritory known as Louisiana? 

3. Give an account of the laying of the Atlantic cable. 

4. What nations took an active part in the discovery 
of North America? Give a discovery of each. 

5. What was the Dred Scott decision? 

6. What were the Alabama Claims? 

7. Describe the engagement between the Monitor and 
Merrimac. 

8. What was the Presidential Succession Law? 

9. Tell something of the hardships endured by the 
early settlers of Virginia. 

10. What was the Nullification Act? 

PAPER NO. II. 

1. What is the Red Cross Society? 

2. Give an account of Admiral Dewey's victory in 
Manila Bay. 

3. What was Jay's treaty? 

4. Give the main cause and result of the French and 
Indian War. 

5. Who were the Mound Builders? The Northmen? 



Q UESTIONS ON HIST OR I T 143 

6. Name and give dates of settlement of the Thirteen 
Original Colonies. 

7. What was the Kansas- Nebraska Bill? 

8. Give a short account of the siege of Vicksburg. 

9. Describe the battle of Trenton. 

10. Give events corresponding to the following dates: 
1619, 1643, 1732, 1783, 1848. 

PAPER NO. III. 

1. Explain what is meant by the Mason and Dixon 
Line. 

2. Why were the Indians so named? 

3. What was the Webster- Ashburton Treaty? 

4. Give an account of King Philip's War. 

5. Describe the events of Columbus' first voyage to 
America. 

6. Describe the last battle of the War of 18 12. 

7. Name five foreigners that assisted the Colonies in 
the American Revolution. 

8. Describe the settlement of New York. 

9. How many stripes in our flag? How many stars? 
Why? 

10. Give a short account of the Boston Tea Party. 

PAPER NO. IV. 

1. What generals had command of the Army of the 
Potomac? 

2. What do you know of Ponce De Leon? 

3. Name the members of Washington's cabinet. 

4. Describe the battle of Lexington. 

5. What was the Monroe Doctrine? 

6. What President was impeached? Why? Was he 



j 44 THE COUNTY EXAMINER 

convicted? 

7. Describe the battle of the Thames. 

8. State briefly what was done by General Taylor 
during- the Mexican War. 

9. What was the Toleration Act? 

10. Name the first five States that were admitted into 
the Union, and give dates of admission. 

PAPER NO. V. 

1. Give the principal causes of the Revolutionary 
War. 

2. Did Columbus ever see the mainland of America? 
If so, when and where? 

3. Give an account of the capture of Quebec, in the 
French and Indian War. 

4. What was the Wilmot Proviso? 

5. Give date and place of the first permanent settle- 
ment of the Spanish, the French, the English and the 
Dutch. 

6. Give a brief account of Burgoyne's invasion. How. 
was he checked? 

7. Give an account of the assassination of Lincoln, 
of Garfield, of McKinley. 

8. Name five generals on each side of the Civil War. 

9. What three Presidents died on the Fourth of July? 
10. Relate briefly the story of Pocahontas. 

PAPER NO. VI. 

1. What is history? Why do you study it? 

2. Name five of the leading generals on each side in 
the Revolutionary War. 



QUESTIONS ON HISTORY 143 

3. Name the provisions of the Compromise of 1850. 

4. Describe the Battle of Perryville. 

5. Who was called the ''Great Pacificator," "Sage of 
Monticello," "Old Rough and Ready," "Poor Richard," 
"Old Man Eloquent?" 

6. What is the civil service reform? 

7. What Presidents have not served out their term of 
office? Why? Who succeeded them? 

3. With what colonies were each of the following 
connected: Standish, Penn, Stuyvesant, Williams, and 
Smith? 

9. Describe Bacon's Rebellion. 
10. Tell about John Brown's raid. 

PAPER NO. VII. 

1. Name in order the powers to which Columbus ap- 
plied for aid. 

2. Name the States that seceded from the Union. 

3. How long did the war for independence last? 
When and where was the first battle? The last? 

4. Describe Perry's victory on Lake Erie. 

5. Who invented the cotton gin, the steamboat, the 
telegraph, the sewing machine, the telephone? 

6. What do you mean by Reconstruction? What 
was the Reconstruction Policy of Johnson? That of 
Congress? 

7. Describe the battle of Antietam. 

8. Name several causes of the Civil War. 

9. Describe the settlement of the Plymouth Colony. 
10. What was the Embargo Act? When was it passed? 

By what other name is it known? 



146 THE COUNTY EXAMINER 

PAPER NO. VIII. 

i. Name three French, three English, and three 
Spanish explorers. 

2. What was Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation? 

3. Give an account of the founding of Harvard and 
Yale colleges. 

4. Give name and conditions of the treaty that closed 
the Mexican War. 

5. Describe the first Battle of Bull Run. What effect 
did it have? 

6. Tell about the Chicago fire. 

7. Give dates of the four greatest financial disasters 
through which this country has passed. 

8. Name and give dates of the acquisition of territory 
by the United States Government. 

9. Describe Braddock's defeat. 

10. Describe the settlement of Georgia. 

PAPER NO. IX. 

1. What can you say of the introduction of slavery 
into the colonies? 

2. Tell about the capture of Fort Sumpter and its ef- 
fect. 

3. Name and give dates of the four Inter-Colonial 
wars. 

4. How did America get its name? 

5. Mention important services rendered by the fol- 
lowing persons : Patrick Henry, Thomas Jefferson, James 
Monroe and Henry Clay. 

6. Name the Presidents of the United States who 
have served two terms. 



QUESTIONS ON HISTORY 147 

7. Tell about the surrender of Comwallis. 

8. What was the result of Clark's campaign in the 
Northwest, in the War of the Revolution? 

9. What was the World's Columbian Exposition? 

10. Tell something- of the Conway Cabal; of Sergeant 
Jasper. 

PAPER NO. X. 

1. What was the Missouri Compromise? 

2. Who said, (1) ''Millions for defense but not one 
cent for tribute!" (2) "Give me liberty or give me 
death!" (3) "We have met the enemy and they are 
ours!" (4) "Don't give up the ship ! " (5) "I'll try, sir! " 

3. What were the Personal Liberty Laws ? 

4. Give briefly cause, principal battles, and result of 
the war with Spain. 

5. Tell something of LaFayette, Hamilton, Burr. 

6. Describe the battle of Gettysburg. 

7. What was the cause of the war of 18 12? Of the 
Mexican war? 

8. In what way did President Jackson differ from his 
predecessors in office? 

9. What was the Salem witchcraft? 

10. Describe the settlement of Rhode Island. 




ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS ON UNITED 
STATES HISTORY. 

PAPER NO. I. 

i. Benedict Arnold was a general during the 
greater part of the Revolutionary War, and in 1780 
was in command of the American forces at West 
Point, New York. For a violation of the rules of 
the American army, Arnold was reprimanded by 
Washington, at which he became incensed, and 
made an agreement with General Clinton to turn 
over West Point to the British, for a sum in our 
money equal to about 50,000 dollars and a colonel- 
cy in the British army. The agreement was made 
with Arnold by Major Andre, who was captured by 
the Americans and executed. Arnold escaped to 
the British and received his reward. 

2. The territory of Louisiana was purchased 
from France by the United States through its 
agents, Monroe and Diyingstori, in 1803, for fifteen 
million dollars. 

3. The first sub-marine telegraph or Atlantic 
cable that was a success, was completed in 1866, by 



ANSWERS TO HISTORY i 49 

Cyrus W. Field, who had spent twelve years in the 
enterprise, having crossed the ocean fifty times. 
The first cable connected Hearts' Content in New- 
foundland, with Valencia Bay, in Ireland. This 
was completed in 1858 but soon ceased to work. 
In 1865, the steamer Great Eastern began to lay a 
better cable than had previously been used. The 
attempt failed, the cable breaking in mid-ocean, 
but a new company was formed and the work com- 
pleted the next summer. 

4. The nations actively engaged in discoveries 
in America, with a discovery of each, are as fol- 
lows: Spain, Florida; France, St. Lawrence river; 
England, Labrador; Holland, Hudson river. 

5. Dred Scott and his wife were slaves in the 
South. They were taken into Illinois by their 
master, and there sued for their freedom, claiming 
they were entitled to it, as Illinois was a free State. 
The case finally reached the Supreme Court of the 
United States, and its decision was that a slave 
was property, and Dred Scott and his wife could be 
held as slaves in free territory. This has always 
been known as the Dred Scott Decision. 

6. What is known as the "Alabama Claims," 
were claims the United States had against Eng- 
land, for damages done the commerce of the 
United States by the Alabama, a steamer that was 
built in England, and did service for the Southern 
Confederacy during the Civil War. The claims 



ISO THE COUNTY EXAMINER 

were adjusted by representatives from three 
friendly governments at Geneva, the United States 
receiving fifteen and a half million dollars. 

7. The Merrimac met in Hampton Roads in 
Virginia, in March, 1882, and sunk the United 
States sloop of war Cumberland, and forced the 
Congress to surrender. Before the Minnesota 
could be attacked, the Monitor, an iron-clad ship, 
built by Captain John Ericson of New York, ar- 
rived on the scene. The Monitor was protected b}^ 
a heavy iron covering, and could be revolved so as 
to give rapid firing in every direction. The Merri- 
mac had been cut down to the water's edge, and 
also had a sloping iron roof. 

In the engagement which followed, the Mon- 
itor proved a too powerful antagonist, the Merri- 
macbeingso disabled that she withdrew, and was, 
two months later, blown up to prevent her falling 
into the hands of the United States authorities. 

8. The Presidential Succession Law was a law 
passed in 1886, making the cabinet officers in order, 
beginning with the Secretary of State, succeed to 
the Presidency, in case the President or Vice-Presi- 
dent should resign or die. 

9. The greatest hardship endured by the settlers 
of Virginia is known in history as "The Starving 
Time." Captain John Smith who managed the af- 
fairs of the colony, was compelled, on account of a 
severe wound, to return to England, and on his 



ANSWERS TO HISTORY 151 

departure the colonists, who had been forced to 
work and obey the laws gave themselves up to 
laziness and riot, and in six months the 500 he left 
well supplied, were by starvation and sickness re- 
duced to 60. 

10. In 1832 Congress placed additional duties on 
imports. South Carolina declared the act null and 
void, and threatened to secede from the Union. 
The prompt action of the President, and a compro- 
mise bill by Mr. Clay to reduce the taxes, caused 
the excitement to die away. 

PAPER NO. II. 

1. The Red Cross Society is the outgrowth of 
an agreement of some of the leading nations of 
Europe, in which the aim is to lessen the suffering 
caused by war, by granting neutral rights to the 
wounded and all who are engaged in relieving them 
of their distress. In 1882 the President, authorized 
by the Senate, signed the agreement for the United 
States. The American Association formed under 
this agreement seeks to relieve the distress caused 
by war, pestilence and other calamities. 

2. On Sunday morning, May 1, 1898, the United 
States Pacific Squadron, under the command of 
Commodore (now Admiral ) Dewey, steamed into 
Manila Harbor, passing successful!}' the mines at 
the entrance to the Bay. 

An engagement soon ensued between Dew- 
ey's fleet and the Spanish fleet under the command 



i 5 2 THE COUNTY EXAMINER 

of Admiral Montejo. The Spanish land battery 
was silenced and the Spanish fleet entirely des- 
troyed. 

3. After the Revolutionary War, England, con 
trary to treaty, failed to give up several western 
forts and, during the war with France, had forced 
many of our sailors into her service. 

In order to arrange these and other differen- 
ces existing between the two governments, John 
Jay was sent to England to represent the United 
States in settlement, if possible, and a treaty, 
known in history as Ja}^'s Treaty, was made, in 
which all differences, except the right of search, 
were amicably settled. 

4. The main cause of the French and Indian 
War was a dispute over the territory in the Ohio 
and Mississippi valleys. The war began in 1754, 
and ended by the Treaty of Paris in 1763, in which 
Great Britain secured from France all the country 
north of the St. Lawrence river and Great Lakes, 
and New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Eastern Maine, 
and all lands east of the Mississippi. England re- 
ceived Florida from Spain, and Spain received 
from France all the land west of the Mississippi. 

5. The Mound Builders were a class of people 
that inhabited the Ohio and Mississippi valleys. 
They were so named from the many mounds they 
built, and are supposed to have been exterminated 
by the Indians, from whose traditions we have re- 



ANSWERS TO GEOGRAPHY i 53 

ceived some account of them. 

The Northmen were people of Norway, who 
made discoveries in Iceland and Greenland. They 
visited the eastern coast of North America and 
named Rhode Island "Good Vinland," an account 
of the abundance of wild grapes. 

6. In Virginia, in 1607, New York in 1613, 
Massachusetts in 1620, New Hampshire in 1623, 
Connecticut in 1633, Maryland in 1634, Rhode Is- 
land in 1636, Delaware in 1638, Pennsylvania by 
Swedes in 1643 and by William Penn in 1682, 
North Carolina in 1663, New Jersey in 1665, South 
Carolina in 1670, Georgia in 1733. 

7. The Kansas-Nebraska bill was a bill that or- 
ganized the territories of Kansas and Nebraska 
and gave them the right to decide whether or not 
they would come into the Union as slave or free 
states. It was introduced into Congres by Stephen 
A. Douglas and became a law in 1854. 

8. Vicksburg was the strongest point on the 
Mississippi. General Pemberton of the Confeder- 
acy was in command, and General Grant was des- 
ignated to capture it. After a lengthy siege, the 
fort with its 31,000 men, 15 generals and all muni- 
tions of war, was surrendered on July 4, 1863. 

9. On Christmas night, in 1776, while Colonel 
Rail, the British commander at Trenton, New Jer- 
sey, was enjoying Christmas, General Washington 
crossed the Delaware amid blocks of floating ice, 



1 54 THE COUNTY EXAMINER 

captured about 1,000 men and recrossed the river 
with the loss of only two men. This was one of 
the most important battles of the Revolution. 

10. In 1619 slavery was introduced into the Vir- 
ginia Colony; 1643, League of the New England 
Colonies; 1732, Washington was born; 1783, Treaty 
of Paris, that settled the Revolutionary War; 1848, 
gold discovered in California. 

PAPER NO. III. 

i. The line between Pennsylvania and Mary- 
land, surveyed by Charles Mason and Jeremiah 
Dixon in 1767, is known in history as the Mason 
and Dixon line. The line roughly divides the 
North from the South, and is used to distinguish 
the two sections of country. 

2. When Columbus discovered the West Indies 
he thought he had touched the islands off the coast 
of India, so he named the natives Indians for the 
country. 

3. The Webster-Ashburton Treaty was the 
treaty that disposed of the "Right of Search" and 
settled the boundary line between Maine and New 
Brunswick. It was made in 1842, 

4. The whites continued to encroach more and 
more upon the lands of the Indians, and King- 
Philip, an Indian chief, growing tired of this, in 
1675, undertook to destroy them. Most of the 
Indian tribes joined him. Peace was not restored 
until Philip had fallen by a traitor's bullet. Two 



ANSWERS TO HISTORY i 55 

thousand Indians had been killed. 

5. Columbus, commanding three ships, the Pin- 
ta, Nina, and Santa Maria, together with 120 sail- 
ors, set sail from Palos, Spain, in August, 1492. He 
followed the well-known route to the Cape Verde 
Islands, off the coast of Africa. From here he 
sailed westward, thinking he might reach India. 
During the journey the sailors became frightened 
and wanted to turn back. Some were threatened, 
others were promised rewards, and the journey 
continued until October 12th, when they landed on 
San Salvador, one of the West India Islands. 

6. New Orleans, the last battle of the War of 
1812, was fought at New Orleans between Generals 
Jackson and Packenham. The Americans made 
breastworks of cotton bales and sand-bags. They 
were opposed by nearly twice their number, but the 
Kentucky and Tennessee riflemen took such aim 
that nearly 2,000 British were killed, together with 
their general. The army then withdrew. This 
was one of the greatest victories of the war. 

7. The most noted foreigners who assisted the 
Colonies in the Revolution were as follows: LaFay- 
ette, Kosciusko, Pulaski, Baron Steuben, and 
Rochambeau. 

8. New York was the only colony settled by the 
Dutch. Henry Hudson, in the service of the Dutch 
East India Company, had discovered the region in 
1609, and Adrian Block, several years later, built a 



i 5 6 THE COUNTY EXAMINER 

ship called "The Unrest" and explored much adja- 
cent territory. No settlement was made until 1613 
when a trading post was established at New Am- 
sterdam. The name was afterward changed to 
New York by the English. 

9. Our flag now has 13 stripes and 46 stars. At 
first the number of stripes and stars were the same 
and one of each, for a few years, was added, until 
it was seen that the growth of states would be so 
great that it would be better to drop back to 13 
stripes, letting them represent the original States, 
but add a star for each new State on the 4th of 
July following its admission; hence, the stripes rep- 
resent the original States, and the stars the entire 
number. 

10. The Colonists objected so strongly to paying 
the taxes imposed by the British Parliament that 
that body repealed all taxes, except that of three 
pence a pound on tea, which could be sold cheaper 
in America than in England. The Colonists, how- 
ever, were contending that taxation in any form, 
without representation, was unjust. The people of 
Boston had refused to receive the tea, the port was 
closed, and a party disguised as Indians went 
aboard the ship and threw all the tea into the har- 
bor. This has ever since been known in history as 
the Boston Tea Party. 

PAPER NO. IV. 

1. The generals who respectively commanded 



ANSWERS TO HISTORY 157 

the Army of the Potomac were: McClellan, Burn- 
side, Hooker, Meade and Grant. 

2. Ponce de Leon was a Spanish explorer, who 
discovered Florida in 1513. He had heard of a 
fountain in which it was said the old could bathe 
and become young again. Failing to find this, he 
attempted to take possession of the country. A 
few years later he received a wound from which he 
died in Cuba, disappointed in all his hopes. 

3. Washington's Cabinet was as follows: Jeffer- 
son, Secretary of State; Alexander Hamilton, Sec- 
retary of the Treasury; Henry Knox. Secretary of 
War, and Edmond Randolph, Attorney General. 

4. The Battle of Lexington was the first of the 
Revolution, fought on April 19, 1775. The British 
general, Gage, sent 800 men to destroy some stores 
the Americans had at Concord. This was done, 
but the news spread so fast that on the return of 
the British troops, they were fought on all sides, 
and many were killed. The Americans were much 
encouraged by the result of the battle and soon 
had an army of 20,000 men. 

5. In 1823, President Monroe, in announcing the 
principle of his foreign policy, said: "The American 
Continents, by the free and independent position 
which they have assumed and maintained, are 
henceforth not to be considered as subjects for col- 
onization by any European power." This has since 
been known as the "Monroe Doctrine." 



i 5 8 THE COUNTY EXAMINER 

6. Andrew Johnson was impeached because he 
violated the Tenure of Office Bill, in turning out a 
Cabinet officer without the consent of the Senate. 
He was tried, but not convicted. 

7. General Harrison pursued the British under 
Proctor, and overtook them near the river Thames, 
where he engaged in battle. The Kentuckians 
went into the fight crying, "Remember the Raison," 
and fought with such fury that Proctor fled, and 
his men laid down their arms. Tecumseh was 
killed, and the Indians took to the forests. This 
was in 1813. 

8. General Taylor was directed to hold the line 
of the Rio Grande, He successfully fought the 
battles of Palo Alta and Resaca de la Palma. 
Afterward he captured Monterey by fighting sev- 
eral days, and later gained entire possession of the 
valley by engaging Santa Anna with 20,000 Mexi- 
cans at Buena Vista. 

9. The Toleration Act was an act passed by the 
Roman Catholics of Maryland, granting perfect 
religious liberty. 

10. Vermont was admitted as a State in 1791, 
Kentucky in 1792, Tennessee in 1796, Ohio in 1803, 
Louisiana in 1812, 

PAPER NO. V. 

1. The principal causes of the Revolutionary 
War were the Stamp Act, Boston Tea Party, Bos- 
ton Massacre, Boston Port Bill, and Mutiny Act. 



ANSWERS TO HISTORY i 5 g 

2. From the description Columbus gave of the 
country, it is thought he saw the mainland of South 
America near the mouth of the Orinoco river in 
1498. 

3. Quebec, the strongest fortress in America, 
was in the possession of the French under Mont- 
calm. The location of the French upon the 
heights made it next to impossible for the English 
to reach them. Finally, however, the keen eye of 
the young British commander, General Wolfe, dis- 
covered a path up the cliff, and he succeeded by 
night in landing his men and arranging them by 
morning in line of battle. In the engagement that 
ensued, Montcalm and Wolfe were both killed, but 
the fort was surrendered to the English. This was 
in 1759. 

4. What is known as the Wilmot Proviso was a 
bill introduced into Congress in 1846 by David 
Wilmot, in which he sought to exclude slavery 
from all future territories of the United States. It 
failed to pass. 

5. The first permanent Spanish settlement was 
made at St. Augustine in 1565; the first French at 
Port Royal, Nova Scotia, in 1605; the first English 
at Jamestown in 1607, and the first Dutch at New 
Amsterdam in 1613. 

6. Burgoyne attempted to move South through 
New York and separate New England from the 
rest of the Colonies. He was met at Saratoga by 



160 THE COUNTY EXAMINER 

General Gates, who was now in command of the 
Americans, and a battle was fought on September 
s 19, 1777, both sides claiming the victory. Another 
battle was fought on October 7th, in which the 
Americans were more successful. The supplies of 
Burgoyne were cut off, and on October 17th he 
surrendered his entire army, numbering about 
6,000 men, with all cannons and munitions of war. 
This was the most important battle and the turning 
point of the Revolutionary War. 

7. Lincoln was assassinated on April 14, 1865, at 
a theater in Washington City, by John Wilkes 
Booth, an actor. Garfield was assassinated at a 
railroad depot in Washington City on July 2, 1881, 
by Charles Guiteau, a disappointed office-seeker, 
and died September following. McKinley was 
assassinated September 6, 1901, while in attendance 
at the Pan-American Exposition at Buffalo, by 
Leon Czolgosz, an Anarchist. 

8. The Union Generals were Sherman, McDow- 
ell, Sheridan, Buell and Thomas. The Confed- 
erate Generals were Lee, Albert Sidney Johnston, 
Bragg, Jackson and Pemberton. 

9. John Adams and Thomas Jefferson died on 
the 4th of July, 1826, and James Monroe died on 
the 4th of July, 1831, 

10. Pocahontas, a daughter, of the Indian Chief, 
Powhatan, was a great admirer of Captain John 
Smith, and some historians claim that at one time 



ANSWERS TO HISTORY 161 

she saved his life by warding off the war club of 
the savage who sought to kill him. In 1613 she 
married John Rolfe at Jamestown, and later visited 
England, but died before her return. 

PAPER NO. VI. 

i. History is a record of past events. 

We study History to learn of the rise and 
fall of nations, that we may better know, by their 
successes and failures, what is best for us. 

2. Five American generals in the Revolutionary 
War were Washington, Lee, Gates, Green and Lin- 
coln. Five British generals were Cornwallis, Clin- 
ton, Howe, Burgoyne and Gage. 

3. The provisions of the Omnibus Bill were as 
follows: (1) The admission of California as a free 
State. (2) The right to form new States, by the 
division of Texas, not to exceed four. (3) The or- 
ganization of the Territories of New Mexico and 
Utah, without the mention of slaves. (4) The 
claims of Texas on New Mexico to be bought by 
the United States for $10,000,000. ( 5) The enact- 
ment of the Fugitive Slave Law. (6) The owner- 
ship of slaves to be forbidden in the District of 
Columbia. 

4. The Union forces, under Buell, and the Con- 
federates, under Bragg, met near Perryville, Ky., 
October 8, 1862, and a fierce, but indecisive, battle 
was fought, after which Bragg covered the retreat 
of his wagon train, forty miles long, and passed in- 



162 THE COUNTY EXAMINER 

to Tennessee. 

5. Henry Clay was called the "Great Pacifi- 
cator;" Thomas Jefferson the "Sage of Monticello;" 
President Ta}dor, "Old Rough and Ready;" Ben- 
jamin Franklin, "Poor Richard;" and John Q. 
Adams, "Old Man Eloquent." 

6. The Civil Service Reform aims to regulate, 
by means of competitive examinations, appoint- 
ments to many positions in the various depart- 
ments of the United States Government. 

7. The Presidents who failed to serve out their 
terms of office were Harrison, Taylor, Lincoln, 
Garfield and McKinley. 

Harrison died and was succeeded by Tyler; 
Taylor died and was succeeded by Fillmore; Lin- 
coln, Garfield and McKinley were assassinated and 
were succeeded by Johnson, Arthur and Roosevelt, 
respectively. 

8. Standish was an Indian fighter in Massachu- 
setts; Penn settled and owned Pennsylvania; Stuy- 
vesant was the last Dutch Governor of New Am- 
sterdam; Williams settled Rhode Island, and 
Smith was a leader in the Virginia colony. 

9. The Governor of Virginia, Berkeley, was 
trading with the Indians, and, for fear of hurting 
his trade, refused to stop the depredations of the 
Indians upon the white settlers. In 1676, many of 
the colonists rebelled and chose for their leader 
Nathaniel Bacon, who with his party routed the 



ANSWERS TO HISTORY 163 

savages. Bacon soon died and his party was sub- 
dued for want of a leader. Berkeley had 22 of 
Bacon's party tried and hanged, and three died 
from the hardships of prison life. The king disliked 
his action and he was soon recalled. 

10. John Brown, formerly of Kansas, headed a 
party of about twenty men who invaded Virginia 
in the hope of freeing the negroes. He captured 
the arsenal at Harper's Ferry, thinking the negroes 
would join him in the hope of securing freedom. 
In this he failed, was captured, tried, and put to 
death under the laws of Virginia. 

PAPER NO. VII. 

1. Columbus first applied to the Court of Italy, 
next to that of Portugal, and then to Spain. After 
spending seven years at the Court of Spain, he 
started his brother to England and expected to go 
himself to France, but Queen Isabella called him 
back and promised him the desired assistance. 

2. The seceding states were Virginia, North 
Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Ala- 
bama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Texas, Arkansas and 
Tennessee. 

3. The war for independence lasted from 1775 
to 1781, counting from the first battle, that of Lex- 
ington, to the surrender of Cornwallis. The treaty 
of peace was not signed, however, until 1783. 

4. The British being in possession of the Great 
Lakes, Oliver H. Perry was given the task of driv- 



i6 4 THE COUNTY EXAMINER 

ing them from the lakes. Before he could do the 
work he had to construct a fleet from the forest, 
which he did, consisting of nine vessels. This be- 
ing done, he attacked the British in September, 
1813, and gained a complete victory. In writing 
to General Harrison the result, he said, "We have 
met the enemy and they are ours — two ships, two 
brigs, one schooner, and one sloop." 

5. The Cotton Gin was invented by Eli Whit- 
ney in 1793; the Steamboat by Robert Fulton in 
1807; the Telegraph by Samuel F. B. Morse in 
1844; the Sewing Machine by Howe in 1846, and 
the Telephone by Bell in 1866. 

6. By reconstruction is meant the various meth- 
ods proposed to restore the seceding States to their 
former rights under the Union. President Johnson 
held that the States had never been out of the 
Union; a majority of Congress claimed the)/ had 
lost their rights under the Constitution and must 
be dealt with as territories. 

7. The Battle of Antietam was fought near 
Sharpsburg, in the valley of Antietam, Maryland, 
in 1862, between the Confederate army, command- 
ed by General Lee, and the Union army, com- 
manded by General McClellan. After consider- 
able skirmishing on both sides, the two armies 
engaged in a regular battle on September 17th. 
At the close of the day neither side could claim a 
victory. Each side had lost 10,000 men. Lee 



ANSWERS TO HISTORY 165 

withdrew and recrossed the Potomac. 

8. The principal causes of the Civil War are as 
follows: The different construction placed upon the 
Constitution by the North and South; the differ- 
ence in labor in the North and South; the want of 
intercourse between the two sections of country; 
the publication of sectional books, and the influ- 
ence of demagogues. To these may be added the 
invention of the Cotton Gin, the Missouri Com- 
promise Act, the Nullification Act, the annexation 
of Texas, and the Kansas-Nebraska Bill. 

9. The settlers of the Plymouth Colony came 
over from England in the Mayflower in 1620. Sev- 
eral weeks were spent in search of a suitable place 
for a settlement. Finally, they selected the site 
that had already been selected and named by Cap- 
tain John Smith. The company consisted of 41 
heads of families. John Carver was chosen the 
first Governor. The first winter was so severe that 
Carver and half the party died. The Indians 
caused them much trouble, yet the colony pros- 
pered, and in time became one of the strongest of 
the thirteen. 

10. The Embargo Act was passed in 1807. It 
prohibited the sailing of any American vessel for 
any foreign port. It is sometimes called the O- 
Grab-Me Act. 

PAPER NO. VIII. 
i. The French explorers were LaSalle, Cham- 



1 66 THE COUNTY EXAMINER 

plain and Verrazzano. The English were John 
Cabot, Davis and Drake. The Spanish were 
Nunez de Balboa, Narvaez and Hernando de Soto. 
2. In September, 1862, five days after the battle 
of Antietam, President Lincoln issued a proclama- 
tion stating that, at the expiration of 100 days, he 
would declare free the slaves of all parties in rebel- 
lion at that time. On January 1, 1863, the Emanci- 
pation became effective. 

3. Harvard College was founded at Cambridge, 
Massachusetts, in 1638. It was endowed by the 
people of the colony giving such things as they 
could. One rich man gave a flock of sheep, and 
the Rev. John Harvard bequeathed to it his library, 
and the college was named for him. 

Yale College owes its origin to ten clergymen. 
It was founded in 1700 at Wethersfield, Connecti- 
cut, but in 1716 was moved to New Haven. Elihu 
Yale gave freely to the college and it was named 
for him. 

4. The Mexican War was closed by the treaty 
of Guadaloupe Hidalgo. The Rio Grande river 
was fixed as the boundary line between Texas and 
Mexico. The United States paid Mexico fifteen 
million dollars, and received Upper California, 
New Mexico, Arizona, Nevada and Utah, but gave 
up the other captured places. 

5. The first battle of Bull Run was fought near 
Manassas Junction, Virginia, in July, 1861, between 



ANSWERS TO HISTORY 167 

General Beauregard in -command of the Confeder- 
ates, and General McDowell in command of the 
Union forces. The battle was fiercely fought, and 
for a time it was hard to predict which would gain 
the victory. The Confederate line was broken, but 
they were rallied by General Jackson in such a 
way that he was given the name of Stonewall. 
The Union forces were broken and retreated from 
the field in disorder. This was a complete victory 
for the South, but lost it ground, as many of the 
volunteers thinking the war was over returned 
home. 

6. In 1871 a fire broke out in Chicago, in which 
property to the amount of two hundred million 
dollars was destroyed. The fire lasted two days 
and 100,000 people were made homeless, 

7. Our country has passed through four real 
panics. They occurred in 1837, 1873, 1893, and 
1907. 

8. The following territory has been acquired by 
the United States: Louisiana, 1803; Florida, 1819; 
Texas, 1845; Territory including treaty of Gauda- 
loupe-Hidalgo, 1848; Northwest Territory, 1846; 
Gadsden Purchase, 1853; Alaska, 1867; Hawaiian 
Islands, 1898; Philippine Islands. Guam and Porto 
Rico, 1898; Wake Island and Tutuila, 1899. 

9. Braddock's defeat occurred in 1755, during 
the French and Indian War. General Braddock. 
with Washington as his aid, undertook to capture 



168 THE COUNTY EXAMINER 

Fort Du Quesne. Braddock did not understand 
the Indian method of warfare and would not take 
Washington's advice, but marched into the battle 
with banners flying. His men fled, and he received 
a wound from which he died. Washington cover- 
ed the retreat of the Americans with great bravery. 
10. Georgia was settled in 1733 at Savannah by 
James Oglethorpe. His object was to establish 
homes for the oppressed people of England, to 
whom his attention had been called while he was a 
member of Parliament. He remained with the col- 
ony ten years, during which time it prospered. Dis- 
sensions and trouble arose after Oglethorpe's de- 
parture, which caused much trouble, but in time 
the colony became very prosperous. 

PAPER NO. IX. 

i. The first slaves were brought to the Virginia 
colony from Africa by John Hawkins in 1619. Haw- 
kins was a Dutch trader. On account of the de- 
mand for labor, the trade increased and many were 
imported, especially to the southern colonies, 
where the white men could not stand the heat. 
Many attempts were made later to stop their im- 
portation, but none were successful and the trade in 
them was continued in some of the colonies until 
after the constitution went into effect. 

2. The first gun of the Civil War was fired on 
Fort Sumpter in April, 1861. Major Anderson was 
in command of the Fort. The Confederate forces 



ANSWERS TO HISTORY i6 9 

were in command of General Beauregard. The 
bombardment of the fort was kept up for more 
than a day, when Anderson was allowed to capitu- 
late, and the Confederates took charge. This ex- 
cited both the North and the South. Volunteers 
were called for and preparations made for war. 

3. King William's War lasted from 1689 to 1697; 
Queen Anne's War from 1702 to 1713; King 
George's W^ar from 1744 to 1748; Old French and 
Indian War from 1764 to 1763. 

4. A German by the name of Amerigo Vespucci 
visited America and wrote the first detailed de- 
scription of the country. Some German geograph- 
ers, in dealing with the new country without a 
name, named it ''America," for the German writer. 

5. Patrick Henry, Governor of Virginia, was a 
great orator, and is remembered by his speeches 
in favor of American Independence. 

Thomas Jefferson was the writer of The De- 
claration of Independence, Secretary of State un- 
der Washington, and the third President of the 
United States. 

James Monroe was one of the agents of the 
United States in the purchase of the Louisiana 
territory. He was the fifth President and author 
of the famous Monroe Doctrine, 

Henry Clay was conspicuous in the history 
of the United States for more than a quarter of a 
century. He made the race for President several 



i/o THE COUNTY EXAMINER 

times:, but was never successful. He is remem- 
bered mostly for his offers compromising the dif- 
ferences between the North and South. 

6. The following Presidents have served two 
terms: Washington, Jefferson, Madison, Monroe, 
Jackson, Grant and Cleveland. While Washing- 
ton is generally included in the list, he really served 
but 7 years, 10 months and 4 days. 

j: General Washington had made General 
Clinton believe that he intended to attack New 
York, thus preventing Clinton from sending any aid 
to Cornwallis, who was stationed at Yorktown, 
Virginia. Washington then moved down to attack 
Cornwallis. His works were bombarded day and 
night by both army and fleet, and on October 19, 
1781, he surrendered his entire army, consisting of 
about 8,000 men. This was the last battle of the 
war. 

8. Colonel Clark came from Virginia to Ken- 
tuck)^, organized a body of men in 1778, crossed 
the Ohio river, captured Kaskaskia, Cahokia and 
Vincennes, and gained the whole northwest terri- 
tory for Virginia. 

9. The World's Columbian Exposition was held 
at Chicago in 1893. It had been formally opened 
the October preceding. It celebrated the 400th an- 
niversary of the discovery of America by Colum- 
bus. Almost every nation on earth was represent- 
ed, each exhibiting specimens of art and nature. 



ANSWERS TO HISTORY 171 

10. An Irishman by the name of Conway formed 
a plot by which he expected to place General 
Gates at the head of the American army, instead of 
Washington. This is known in history as the 
Conway Cabal. 

At the battle of Fort Moultrie, South Caro- 
lina, the American flag was cut down by a ball 
from the British and had fallen over the rampart. 
Sergeant Jasper claimed it would not do to fight 
without a flag, leaped through an opening, secured 
the flag and fastened it in position. 

PAPER NO. X. 

1. Under the Missouri Compromise, Missouri 
was to be admitted as a free state, but thereafter 
slavery was to be forbidden north of 36° 30', the 
southern boundary of the proposed state. It was 
passed in 1820. Henry Clay was its chief advo- 
cate. 

2. (1) Charles C. Pinckney, (2) Patrick Henry, 
(3) Commodore Oliver H. Perry, (4) Captain 
Lawrence, (5) Colonel Miller. 

3. The Northern States as a rule were op- 
posed to the Fugitive Slave Law, and many of 
them passed Personal Liberty Laws annulling it. 

4. Cuba had for several years been engaged in 
a rebellion with Spain. Our people were outspok- 
en for Cuba, and wished her success. The United 
States Steamer Maine was sent to Havana to pro- 
tect the interests of the United States, and was 



T72 THE COUNTY EXAMINER 

blown up in February, 1898, in which more than 
250 of our sailors lost their lives. Many thought 
the Spanish authorities responsible, and a com- 
mittee was appointed to ascertain the cause. They 
reported the explosion due to a submarine mine, 
which virtually saddled the trouble on the Spanish 
government, and war was soon declared. The na- 
val battles at Manila and Santiago, and the land 
engagement at Santiago, were the only real bat- 
tles, in all of which the United States was success- 
ful. 

By the terms of the treaty Cuba was given 
her independence, the United States received Porto 
Rico and the Philippine Islands, but paid Spain 
20,000,000 dollars for the latter. 

5. LaFayette was a Frenchman who assisted 
the colonies in their struggle for independence. 
Hamilton was the first Secretary of Treasury and 
a great financier. It was through him that the 
United States was put on a firm financial basis. 
Burr was Vice-President under Jefferson for one 
term. He killed Hamilton in a duel. Afterward 
he tried to establish an empire in the Southwest, 
but failed, was tried for treason, and acquitted. 

6. The battle of Gettysburg was fought on July 
J, 2 and 3, 1863, at Gettysburg, Penns3dvania, be- 
tween Ceneral Meade, in command of the Union 
forces, and Lee, in command of the Confederates. 



ANSWERS TO HISTORY' 



/J 



This was fought during Lee's second invasion of 
the North, and was really the turning point of the 
war. Much bravery was shown on each side, espec- 
ially in the final charge of the Confederates, the 
third day by General Pickett, on the center of the 
Union line. Hand-to-hand fighting was engaged 
in for a time. Lee saw it was impossible to over- 
come the Union army and retreated South. The 
loss of men was about 25,000 on each side. 

7. The cause of the war of 1812 was the right 
of search and the impressment of seamen. 

The dispute over the boundary line between 
Texas and Mexico caused the Mexican war. Mex- 
ico claimed the Nueces river and the United States 
the Rio Grande river as the boundary. 

8. President Jackson was not so highly educated 
as his predecessors. When he became President 
he dismissed from the public service more men 
than had ever been dismissed by any other Presi- 
dent. The offices were given to his political 
friends. Since then the rule "To the victors belong 
the spoils" has been followed except where re- 
stricted by civil service. 

9. About 200 years ago the belief in witchcraft 
was prevalent. The witch was generally supposed 
to be some old woman, who would issue from the 
chimney at night and seek a conference with some 
assembly of demons. At Salem, Massachusetts, in 



174 THE COUNTY EXAMINER 

1692, it was claimed some of the colonists were 
peculiarly affected. Many were arrested and tried 
upon warrants charging the crime to them, and 
about twenty were put to death. Others saved 
their lives by making false confessions. 

10. On account of his religious belief, Roger 
Williams was banished from the Massachusetts 
colony. He wandered for fourteen weeks and 
finally came to the home of the Narragansett In- 
dians and bought a tract of land. Here, with five 
companions, he made the first settlement of Rhode 
Island in 1636, which he called Providence. 




QUESTIONS ON PHYSIOLOGY. 

PAPER NO. I. 

i. Name the bones of the upper extremities. 

2. Of what are tendons composed? State their use. 

3. Through what means is the blood provided with 
new material and relieved of the old material? 

4. Describe the lungs. 

5. What is a gland? Name three glands of the body. 

6. What is perspiration? State its uses. 

7. What are the bronchial tubes? The villi? 

8. What is meant by near-sightedness? Far-sighted- 
ness? How are each remedied? 

9. Give rules for the care of the eyes ; the ears ; the 
teeth. 

10. How does alcohol affect the temperature of the 
body? 

PAPER NO. II. 

1. Locate and give the function of the eustachian 
tube; the thoracic duct. 

2. Describe the stomach. 

3. What are Lymphatics? What is their function? 

4. Name the bones of the lower extremities. 

5. What is the use of fat in the body? What articles 
of food tend to produce fat? 



i r 6 THE CO UNTY EX A MINER 

6. Name the membrane that covers the heart; the 
bones; the lungs. What is the use of each? 

7. What would you do before the arrival of a physi- 
cian if an artery was severed? A vein? 

8. Define coagulation, and state its uses. 

9. Give rules for eating. 

10. Why does alcohol have such a great effect upon the 
brain? 

PAPER NO. III. 

1. Define anatomy, physiology and hygiene. 

2. Name the bones of the skull. 

3. Describe the ear. 

4. What is meant by systemic circulation? Pulmo 
nary circulation? 

5. What is excretion? Name the organs of excretion. 

6. Describe the larnyx ; the vocal cords. 

7. How is sound produced? 

8. How can you tell from the blood-flow whether an 
artery or vein is cut? 

9. What is the difference between voluntary and in- 
voluntary muscles? Name one of each. 

10. How does alcohol affect the heart? 

PAPER NO. IV. 

1. Define fibrin, serum, arteries, capillaries, and 
veins. 

2. Describe the heart. 

3. Trace a particle of food from the mouth until it is 
prepared for assimilation. 

4. What is the portal circulation? 

5. What are the special senses? 



QUESTIONS ON PHYSIOLOGY 177 

6. Describe the process by which a broken bone 
heals. 

7. Name the layers of the skin and give its append- 
ages. 

8. Name several chemical elements found in the 
human body. 

9. Name the large cavities of the body and tell what 
organ or organs each contain. 

10. Is alcohol a food? Why? 

PAPER NO. V. 

1. What large vein begins and ends in the capillaries? 

2. Trace the circulation of the blood. 

3. Describe the nature and treatment of a sprain. 
A dislocation. 

4. How many bones in the human body? 

5. Give uses of the skin. 

6. Describe the eye. 

7. What is meant by mastication, insalivation, deglu- 
tition, assimilation and absorption? 

8. What is the function of the cerebrum, cerebellum? 
How do they compare in size? 

9. How should a severe burn be treated? A severe 
cut? 

10. Does alcohol affect the stomach? If so, how? 

PAPER NO. VI. 

1. What is the composition of the bones? 

2. Name the different fluids that aid in digestion, and 
tell by what organ each is secreted. 

3. Describe the spinal cord. 

4. How many voluntary muscles in the human body? 



ij8 THE COUNTY EXAMINER 

How are they arranged? 

5. How does venous differ from arterial blood? 

6. Describe the structure of the muscles. 

7. Describe the brain. 

8. Describe the action of the diaphragm in respira- 
tion. 

9. How do we breathe? How is the voice produced? 

10. What poisonous substance does tobacco contain? 
How does it injure the system? 

PAPER NO. VII. 

1. Describe the liver and give its uses. 

2. What artery in the body carries impure blood? 
What vein carries pure blood? 

3. Name the bones of the trunk. 

4. Why does not a fall hurt a child as much at it does 
a grown person? 

5. Name the organs of circulation. 

6. What are the principal nitrogenous foods? Car- 
bonaceous? 

7. Name all the systems of the human body. 

8. Explain what is meant by reflex action, Of what 
use is it? 

9. Name the different kinds of joints and give an ex- 
ample of each. 

10. Explain the effect of tea and coffee on the body. 

PAPER NO. VIII. 

1. Why is the shoulder more likely to be dislocated 
than the hip? -- 



QUESTIONS ON PHYSIOLOGY 17 g 

2. The walls of the ventricles of the heart are thicker 
and stronger than those of the auricles. Why is this? 

3. Of what rise are the blood corpuscles? 

4. Name the uses of the bones. 

5. Describe in full the teeth. 

6. Locate and describe the following* bones : humerus, 
femur, clavicle, scapula, and the atlas. 

7. What are the uses of the hair and nails? How do 
they grow? Will they be restored if destroyed? 

8. Why are the veins so named? The arteries? The 
capillaries? 

9. How much blood in the average human body? Of 
what is it composed? How long does it require to circu- 
late once through the body? 

10. Describe the four stages of alcohol on the body. 

PAPER NO. IX. 

1. What is an organ? A tissue? A cell? 

2. What changes take place in the blood in the lungs? 

3. Of what is the air composed? What part is neces- 
sary to sustain animal life? Plant life? 

4. Mention the chief causes of decay of the teeth. 
Give directions for the care and preservation of the 
teeth. 

5. Of what use are the following nerves: olfactory, 
optic, auditory? 

6. Explain how the joints are lubricated, the eyes 
kept moist, and the skin kept pliant. 

7. What are the fontanelles? 

8. Plow is the heart nourished? 

9. What are disinfectants? Name three. 

10. What effect has alcohol on the circulation? 



i8o THE COUNTY EXAMINER 

PAPER NO. X. 

i. What is normal respiration? Normal pulse? Nor- 
mal temperature? 

2. Define cilia, duodenum, pappillae, pepsin. 

3. What is the difference between an organ and a 
system? Give example of each. 

4. Describe the pancreas. 

5. Describe the sympathetic nervous system. 

6. How do we see? 

7. Give five rules necessary to good health. 

8. Explain the difference between motory and sensory 
nerves. 

9. What is sleep? Why is it necessary? 

10. What is bronchitis, pnetimonia, pleurisy, dyspep- 
sia, consumption? 




ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS ON 
PHYSIOLOGY. 

PAPER NO. I. 

i. Clavicle 2, scapula 2, humerus 2, ulna 2, ra- 
dius 2, carpal 16, metacarpal 10, phalanges 28. 
Total 64. 

2. Tendons are composed of strong, flexible, in- 
elastic fibers. They are used to attach the muscles 
to the bones. 

3. The blood receives oxygen from the air, 
and nutrition from the digested food in the stom- 
ach and intestines. Impurities are thrown off by 
the lungs, skin and kidneys. 

4. There are two lungs, located in the chest. 
The right lung has three lobes, and the left two. 
They are composed of a soft, elastic, sponge-like 
substance, and contain air-cells and blood-vessels, 
between which is a membrane that prevents the 
blood and air from coming in direct contact and 
yet allows the purities and impurities to pass freely. 

5. A gland is an organ that separates a fluid 
from the blood. The salivary, gastric and pan- 



i8 2 THE COUNTY EXAMINER 

creas. 

6. Perspiration is the passing of a watery fluid, 
or vapor, through the pores of the skin. It throws 
off waste matter from the system, and regulates 
the evaporation and the temperature of the body. 

7. The bronchial tubes are the divisions' of the 
trachea that lead to the lungs. 

The villi are minute projections that dip 
down into the milky fluid of the small intestines 
and take up the nutrient parts thereof. 

8. Nearsightedness is inability to see objects at a 
distance, and is caused by the lens of the eye being 
too convex. It is remedied by wearing concave 
glasses, which bend the rays of light so as to bring 
them to a focus on the retina. 

Farsightedness is inability to see objects near 
you, and is caused by the lens being too concave. 
It is remedied by wearing convex glasses, which 
bend the rays of light, so as to bring them to a 
focus on the retina. 

9. The most general rules for the care of the 
eye are as follows: Do not read by dim light; let 
the light shine on book from behind left side; 
never read print that is so fine as to strain the eye; 
and rest when pain warns you of disease. 

The ear: Never let cold water enter it; do 
not remove wax, and avoid licks on the head. 

The teeth: Wash once or twice daily, with a 
soft brush; avoid putting any extremely hot or cold 



ANSWERS TO PHYSIOLOGY 183 

substance into the mouth; do not pick with a pin 
or other hard substance, and do not crack nuts 
with them. 

10. When alcohol is first taken, there it appar- 
ently an increase in the temperature of the body, 
which is caused by the warm blood being sent to 
the surface. Soon reaction sets in, and frequently 
the temperature will fall as much as two degrees 
below normal, and several hours will be required 
to restore it. 

PAPER NO. II. 

1. The Etistachian htbe leads from the middle 
ear to the throat. Its function is to admit air to 
the ear and thus make equal the pressure on the 
membrane. It also carries off any fluid that may 
be in the drum. 

The Thoracic duct is a small tube, about the 
size of a goose quill, into which the larger number 
of Lymphatics converge. Into it the lymph emp- 
ties and is carried into the great veins of the neck. 

2. The Stomach is in the abdomen on the left 
side of the body, just below the diaphragm. It is 
an irregular expansion of the alimentary canal, and 
is composed of three coats: an inner mucous coat, 
which secretes the gastric juice; an outer smooth 
coat, which prevents friction; and a middle muscu- 
lar coat, which produces the peristaltic movement 
of the stomach, which thoroughly mixes its con- 
tents. The opening into the stomach is called the 



184 THE COUNTY EXAMINER 

cardiac, and the opening out of the stomach is 
called the pylorus. 

3. The Lymphatics are a system of tubes found 
in nearly every part of the body. They run side 
by side, having but little tendency to unite, and 
along their course frequently pass through glands. 
In the Lymphatics there circulates a thin, colorless 
liquid, probably an overflow from the blood ves- 
sels. Their function is not thoroughly understood, 
but it is thought that this liquid is waste matter 
that is of further use, as it is carried into the circu- 
lation. 

4. Femur 2, Patella 2,. Tibia 2, Fibula 2, Tarsal 
14, Metatarsal 10, Phalanges 10. Total 60. 

5. Fat gives roundness and plumpness to the 
body, and aids in retaining the heat of the body. 
It collects around the joints and between the mus- 
cles and causes them to glide easily. Fat is pro- 
duced by butter, kernels of nuts, oily grains and 
fatty meats. 

6. The pericardium covers the heart. It se- 
cretes a fluid which causes it to move freely. It 
also protects the heart. 

The periosteum covers the bones. It protects 
and serves to attach the tendons to the bones. 

The pleura covers the lungs. It secretes a 
fluid that gives a free movement without any fric- 
tion. 

7. If an artery is severed, tie a knotted cord be- 



ANSWERS TO PHYSIOLOGY 18$ 



j 



tween the wound and the heart; if a vein, tie be- 
tween the wound and the extremity. 

8. Coagulation is the forming of blood into a 
clot, and is caused by the fibrin of the blood uniting 
with the corpuscles, so as to form the clot. By co- 
agulation the wound clogs, the flow of blood is 
stopped, and bleeding to death is prevented. 

q. Do not eat too fast, or too often, chew the 
food well and mix thoroughly with saliva before 
swallowing. Do not eat when the mind and body 
are not at rest. 

10. The brain is affected so much by alcohol be- 
cause alcohol has a great affinity for water, and the 
brain being so largely composed of water, alcohol 
generally acts upon it first. 

PAPER NO. III. 

i. Anatomy treats of the structure of any living 
thing. 

Physiology treats of the uses of the organs oi 
the body. 

Hygiene treats of the science of health. 

2. Frontal 1, Parietal 2, Temporal 2, Sphenoid 
1, Ethmoid 1, Occipital 1; total 8. 

3. The ear is composed of three parts: outer, 
middle and inner. The outer ear is a sheet of car- 
tilage, folded so as to catch sound, and the canal 
leading: to the middle ear between w T hich is stretched 
the tympanum or drum of the ear. The middle 
ear is a chamber, across which are hung the three 



i86 THE COUNTY EXAMINER 

bones of the ear, viz.: Hammer, anvil and stirrup. 
From the chamber leads the eustachian tube. The 
internal ear is hollowed out of solid bone. It is 
composed of a small cavity and winding tubes of 
cochlea, which resemble a snail shell. Here the 
fibrils of the auditory nerve expand, and floating in 
the liquid that fills the chamber is found a small 
bag, containing hair like bristles, fine sand and two 
ear stones. 

4. By systemic circulation is meant the circula- 
tion of the blood through the arteries and veins of 
the system. 

By pulmonary circulation is meant the move- 
ment of the blood from the heart through the cap- 
illaries of the lungs and back. 

5. Excretion is the throwing off of the waste 
matter of the body. The kidneys, lungs and skin 
are the organs of excretion. 

6. The Larynx is the prominence in the neck, 
the front of which is sometimes called Adams ap- 
ple. It is a small cartilaginous box, the opening 
into which is called the glottis, and the covering is 
called the epiglottis. On each side of the glottis 
are the vocal cords, or membranes, four in number, 
by means of which voice is produced. 

7. The coming together of bodies causes a wave- 
like movement in the air, which, if carried to the 
ear, causes the movement of the ear sands, stones 
and bristles, which affect the auditory nerve and 



ANSWERS TO PHYSIOLOGY 187 

produce sound. 

8. If an artery is cut, the blood will be of a 
bright red color and will flow in jets. If a vein, 
the blood will be of a dark red color and will flow 
in. a constant stream. 

9. Voluntary muscles are controlled by the will, 
and invohmtary muscles are not. Voluntary, bi- 
ceps; involuntary, heart. 

10. Alcohol causes the blood to flow faster 
which makes the heart beat faster, thereby over- 
working it. 

PAPER NO. IV. 

1. Fibrin is that part of the blood which unites 
with the corpuscles when exposed to the air. 
Serum is the watery part of the blood. Arteries 
are tubes that conduct the blood from the heart 
Capillaries are minute. hair-like tubes forming the 
divisions between the arteries and the veins. 
Veins are the tubes which lead the blood to the 
heart. 

2. The heart is located to the left of the center 
of the chest. It is a pear-shaped, muscular organ 
about the size of the fist, and hangs with the point 
downward. It contains four chambers: two auri- 
cles and two ventricles. The auricle and ventricle 
on the left side are separated by the bi-cuspid 
valve and on the right side by the tri-cuspid valve, 
while the opening out of each ventricle is called 



i88 THE COUNTY EXAMINER 

the semi-lunar valves. 

3. The food is taken into the mouth, chewed 
and mixed with the saliva. It then passes through 
the esophagus into the stomach, where it receives 
the gastric juice. From here it passes into the in- 
testines, where it receives the bile, pancreatic and 
intestinal juices. The nutrient part enters into the 
circulation from the stomach and intestines and is 
ready to be assimilated. 

4. The blood that leaves the alimentary canal 
passes by means of the portal vein through the 
liver before reaching the heart. This is called the 
portal circulation. 

5. The special senses are seeing, hearing, tasting, 
feeling and smelling. 

6. When a bone is broken, a watery fluid oozes 
out at the broken ends. Day by day this fluid be- 
comes thicker until it is jelly-like in composition. 
Mineral matter is deposited and at the end of 
about six weeks the broken parts are united; yet 
it is several months before they are firm and 
strong. 

7. The skin is composed of two layers, cuticle 
and cutis. Its appendages are the hair and nails. 

8. The most important elements found in the 
body are oxygen, hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, cal- 
cium, potassium, sodium, phosphorus, sulphur and 
iron. 

9. The <svb/// contains the brain; chest y the heart 



ANSWERS TO PHYSIOLOGY i8 9 

and lungs; the abdomen, the stomach and liver. 

10. Alcohol is not a food because it undergoes 
no change in the body. 

PAPER NO. V. 

i. The portal vein begins and ends in capil- 
laries, 

2. The blood enters the heart at the opening of 
the left auricle, passes through the bicuspid valve 
into the left ventricle, passes out through the semi- 
lunar valve into the aorta, circulates through the 
arteries of the system, passing by way ot the capil- 
laries to the veins and through them to the right 
auricle, then it passes through the tri-cuspid valves 
to the right ventricle, from where it goes through 
the semi-lunar valves, by way of the pulmonary ar- 
tery to the kings, and, after circulating through the 
capillaries of the lungs, returns to the teft auricle of 
the heart, by the pulmonary vein, 

3. A sprain is caused by twisting a joint so as to 
tear or lacerate the ligaments. Treat by applying 
some good liniments and keep still. 

A dislocation is caused by a bone being 
thrown out of socket. Treat by putting back in 
socket, and keeping still. 

4. Physiologists differ, the answers given vary- 
ing from 200 to 236. To leave out the teeth, count 
the six ear bones and give the sternum in one 
piece makes 206, which is usually given. 

5. The skin beautifies, protects and serves as 



rpo THE COUNTY EXAMINER 

an organ of excretion, 

6. The eyes are located in the upward and for- 
ward part of the head, so as to give view at a dis- 
tance. They are surrounded by a bony cavity, 
eye-brows and eye-lashes, which protect them from 
perspiration and dust particles. The eye is about 
an inch in diameter and is composed of three coats, 
viz.: schlerotic, a tough coat designed to give shape 
to the eye, the front part being called cornea, and 
designed to admit light; the choriod, or middle coat 
forms the iris, in front, which gives color to the 
eye, and through which is the opening called the 
pupil. The inner coat is the retina, on which is 
spread the optic nerve. It enters from behind. 
Three humors fill the eye: the aqueous, which fills 
the small portion in front; the crystalline, which is 
in the shape of a lens, just back of the aqueous; 
and the vitreous, which fills the main cavity. 

7. Mastication is chewing the food; insalivation, 
mixing with saliva; assimilation, becoming part of 
the body; deglutition, swallowing; absorption means 
to take up, and may be performed by the skin on 
outward substances, by the lymphatics, and other 
organs, from within. 

8. The cerebrtim controls the mental powers, or 
the mind; and the cerebellum the physical. The 
cerebrum is about seven-eighths of the entire mass 
and the cerebellum about one-eighth. 

9. For a burn, exclude the air by a coating of 



ANSWERS TO PHYSIOLOGY i 9 i 

flour or salt and water. For a cut, stop the flow of 
blood, and, if severe, bring together the severed 
parts and stitch so as to hold in position. 

10. The stomach is greatly affected by alcohol, 
which burns the walls, makes them hard, prevents 
the free flow of the gastric juice, and in time 
causes indigestion. 

PAPER NO. VI. 

i. The bones are composed of animal and min- 
eral matter. In youth the animal matter predomi- 
nates; in old age, the mineral. 

2. The fluids that aid in digestion are as follows, 
viz.: The saliva, secreted by the salivary glands; 
the gastric juice, by the gastric glands of the stomach ; 
the bile, by the liver; the. pancreatic juice, by the pan- 
creas; and the intestinal juice, by the glands of the 
intestines. 

3. The spinal cord joins, by means of the med- 
ulla oblongata at the top, with the brain and runs 
entirely through the bony casement of the spinal 
column. It is composed of two kinds of matter, 
gray and white; the white being on the outside. 
From it spring 31 pairs of nerves. 

4. There are about five hundred voluntary mus- 
cles in the body. They are arranged in pairs, each 
muscle having its antagonist. 

5. Venous blood is of a dark red color, is impure, 
and is found in the veins on its way back to the 
heart; while arterial blood is pure, of a bright red a 



i 9 2 THE COUNTY EXAMINER 

color, and is found in the arteries on its way out 
from the heart. 

6. The muscles are made up of bundles of fibers 
and the fibers are made up of cells. Each bundle 
is covered by a sheath of tough elastic tissue. The 
cells change and cause the muscles to relax and 
contract. The muscles, which are the lean meat of 
the body, give way at the ends to a tough substance 
called tendons, by which they are fastened to the 
bones. 

7. The brain is located in the skull and is the 
seat of sensation. It is composed of three parts, to 
include the medulla oblongata, by means of which 
it is joined to the spinal cord. The cerebrum is 
located in the upper and forward part of the head. 
The cerebellum is located in the back part of the 
head. The brain is composed of two kinds of mat- 
ter, gray and white, the gray being on the outside. 
Three kinds of membranes cover the brain, viz.: 
pia mater, dura mater and arachnoid. 

8. The diaphragm, has the shape of an inverted 
saucer. It is an involuntary muscle, that separates 
the chest from the abdomen. When a full inspir- 
ation is taken the diaphragm becomes flat in ex- 
tending the waiis of the chest, but when the air is 
expelled from the lungs, it becomes more convex. 

c The lungs are open to the external air by a 
set of passages connecting with the nose. By the 
action of certain muscles, the chest is enlarged, 



A NS WERS TO PHYSIOLOG V 193 

and the air rushes into the lungs. In a short time 
the chest is made smaller and the impure air rushes 
out. The voice is produced by the vibration of the 
vocal cords. 

10. Tobacco contains a poison, called nicotine. 
The poison is absorbed by the blood and carried to 
all parts of the body. Its influence on the stomach, 
liver and heart is very great. The continued use 
of it causes nervousness, the mind grows sluggish, 
and the memory becomes defective. 

PAPER NO. VII. 

1. The liver is the largest gland in the body. 
It weighs from three to four pounds and is located 
on the right side of the body, below the diaphragm. 
Through it passes the blood from the alimentary 
canal, being carried there by the portal vein. 
From the blood in the liver is secreted daily about 
three pounds of bile to be used in digestion. 

2. The pulmonary artery carries impure blood 
to the lungs, and the ptdnionary vei?i carries the 
pure blood back to the heart. 

3. The bones of the trunk are as follows: Cervi- 
cal vertebrae 7, dorsal vertebras 12, lumbar vertebrae 
5, true ribs 14, false ribs 6, floating ribs 4, sternum 
1, sacrum 1, innominati 2, coccyx 1. Total 53. 

4. A child is not so easily hurt by a fall as a 
grown person, because in youth animal matter pre- 
dominates in the bones. They give more easily, 
and the cartilage between the joints is thicker and 



i 94 THE COUNTY EXAMINER 

deadens the effect of the fall. 

5. The organs of circulation are the heart, arte^ 
ries, capillaries and veins. 

6. The principal nitrogenous foods are the whites 
of eggs, casein, lean meats and gluten. The corbon- 
aceous are fats and sugars. 

7. The systems of the body are the osseous, 
nervous, muscular, circulatory, respiratory, digest- 
ive and secretory. 

8. Reflex action is the movement of any part of 
the body without the direction of the mind. Its 
use is to relieve the mind from direct control of 
muscular movements, that can be controlled by 
habit or otherwise, without its direction, and to pro- 
duce movement before the mind has time to act. 

9. The names of the various joints, with exam- 
ples, are as follows : Htnge, elbow ; ball and socket \ 
shoulder; compotind, wrist; ptvot, rotation of radius 
about ulna, and immovable, union of bones of head 
by sutures. 

10. Tea contains tkeine, and when used in quan- 
tities produces headache, indigestion, feeble heart 
action and derangement of the nervous system. 
Coffee contains caffeine, and produces sleepless- 
ness, headache and indigestion when used to an 
excess. 

PAPER NO. VIII. 

1. In order to give a freer movement, the socket 
at the shoulder is more shallow than that of the 



ANSWERS TO PHYSIOLOGY 19$ 

hip, which causes it to be easier thrown out of 
place. 

2. The walls of the ventricles of the heart are 
stronger, especially of the left side, because they 
have to send the blood through the system and to 
the lungs, which work increases in size the muscles 
of the heart, just as work will increase the size of 
the muscles of the body. 

3. The red corpuscles give color to the blood, 
and the white ones aid in carrying gases to and 
from the lungs. 

4. The bones are used to pivtect the delicate or- 
gans, to serve as levers on which the muscles may 
act, and to preserve the shape of the body. 

5. There are two sets of teeth, the temporary 
and the permanent. In the temporary set there are 
twenty, ten in each jaw; eight incisors, four cuspids 
and eight molars. There are thirty-two permanent 
teeth, sixteen in each jaw; eight incisors, four cus- 
pids, eight bicuspids, and twelve molars. A tooth 
has three parts — crown, neck, and root, and is com- 
posed of three substances — enamel, dentine, and 
pulp. They are set firmly in the jaw, resting on a 
cushion of a spongy substance. 

6. The humerus is the long bone of the arm 
used to form the ball and socket joint at the 
shoulder. The femur is the long bone of the leg, 
the longest bone in the body, and is used to form the 
ball and socket joint at the hip. The clavicle is 



i 9 6 THE COUNTY EXAMINER 

joined to the sternum in front and to the shoulder, 
holding the shoulder in place. The scapula, or 
shoulder blade, keeps the shoulder firm, and aids 
in forming the shoulder joint. The atlas is the top- 
most vertebrae, upon which the head rests. 

7. The naih protect the fingers and toes, and 
aid the fingers in picking up substances. The hair 
beautifies and protects the head. The nails grow 
from a groove called the matrix, while the hair 
grows from a bulb called papillce. Each will be re- 
stored if the matrix and papillae are left intact. 

8. A vein means a tube that leads, hence the 
name. The arteries contain air after death, and, 
as they were formerly thought to be air tubes, they 
were so named. The capillaries obtained their 
name on account of being small and hair-like. 

9. There are about twelve pounds of blood in 
the average human body. The blood is composed 
of plasma, and red and white corpuscles. It takes 
the entire mass of blood about two minutes to make 
the entire circuit of the body. 

10. The first effect of alcohol is excitement; the 
nerves are paralyzed, the heart beats faster, and 
the blood flows freer. The second stage is that of 
muscular weakness. The muscles grow weak, 
those of the lower lip usually failing first, the con- 
trol of some being nearly entirely lost. The third 
stage is that of mental weakness. Reason is lost, 
the mind for the time nearly entirely gone. The 



ANSWERS TO PHYSIOLOGY 197 

cultured gentleman becoming a brute. The fourth 
and last stage is that of unconsciousness. The 
brain and spinal cord are benumbed. Sensation is 
nearly gone, or, as is commonly called ; a person is 
"dead drunk." 

PAPER NO. IX. 

1. An organ is a part of the body designed to 
do a certain work. A tissue is a name applied to the 
various textures of which the body is composed. A 
cell is a minute cavity filled with protoplasm. 

2. The blood in the lungs gives up impurities, 
carbonic acid gas and watery vapor, and takes oxy- 
gen from the air. 

3. The air is composed ot oxygen, nitrogen, 
carbonic acid gas and watery vapor. Oxygen sup- 
ports animal life, and carbonic acid gas plant life. 

4. The cracking of the enamel causes the teeth 
to decay. This results from picking the teeth with 
hard substances, or taking substances too hot or 
too cold into the mouth. The teeth should be 
brushed once or twice a day with tepid water, and 
the food particles removed from between them af- 
ter each meal by a soft pick. 

5. The olfactory nerve is the nerve of smell, the 
optic is the nerve of sight, and the auditory is the 
nerve of hearing. 

6. The joints are lubricated by the synovial 
fluid, the eyes moistened by tears from the lachry- 
mal glands, and the skin is kept moist and pliant 



ig8 THE COUNTY EXAMINER 

by the oil from the sebaceous glands. 

7. There are two fontanelles, the anterior and 
posterior. The anterior is in the top of the head 
and is formed by the union of four bones. The 
posterior is in the back of the head and is formed 
by the union of three*bones. The name is given to 
the open place where the bones unite. 

8. The coronary artery carries the blood to the 
muscular walls of the heart and the coronary veins 
carry the venous blood and empt}/ it into the right 
auricle. 

9. A disinfectant is a substance or liquid that 
has the power to kill disease germs. Carbolic acid, 
chloride of lime, freshly slakened lime, and sul- 
phate of zinc are common disinfectants. 

10. Alcohol causes the blood to circulate more 
freely and in that way overworks the circulatory 



organs. 



PAPER NO. X. 



1. Normal respiration is 18 per minute, pulse 
72 per minute, and temperature 98 degrees Fahr- 
enheit. 

2. The cilia are minute projections that extend 
from the sides of the trachea. They fan the dust 
particles from the air and prevent them from enter- 
ing the lungs. The duodenum is the first twelve 
finger breadths of the small intestines. The papil- 
Icb are the bulbs from which the hair grows. Pep- 
sin is a substance contained in the gastric juice. 



A NS WERS TO PH YSIOL OGY iq 9 

3. An organ is a part of the body designed for a 
special use, while a system is several organs work- 
ing together to accomplish a certain work. For 
example, the heart is an organ of the circulatory- 
system, but the arteries, capillaries and veins join 
to complete the system. 

4. The pancreas is a long, flat gland, located just 
back of the stomach, and weighs about one-fourth 
of a pound. It secretes the pancreatic juice that 
aids in digestion. 

5. The sympathetic nervous system consists of a 
double chain of ganglia on either side of the back- 
bone. From this chain arises numerous nerve 
fibers that run to the organs on which life depends, 
and in this wa}' the entire body is bound together 
by cords of sympathy. 

6. Rays of light pass off from all objects in 
straight lines. They come in through the pupil 
and in passing the crystaline lens they are so 
blended that the rays of light are brought to a fo- 
cus on the retina, and an image of the object is pic- 
tured there and conveyed to the brain b)' the optic 
nerve, and we see. 

7. In order to have good health we should eat 
at regular intervals, and not too much, drink pure 
water, bathe frequently, wear clean clothing and 
take plenty of exercise. 

8. The motory nerves produce and control the 
motions of the body, aud the sensory nerves control 



200 THE COUNTY EXAMINER 

sensation. 

8. Sleep is temporary unconsciousness, and is 
rest for the mind and body to recuperate and re- 
store their loss during the day. 

10. Bronchitis is an inflammation of the bronchial 
tubes. Pneumonia is an inflammation of the lungs. 
Pleurisy is inflammation of the pleura. Dyspepsia is 
derangement of- the digestive organs. Consumption 
is a disease of the lungs that consumes their sub- 
stance and causes them to waste away. 




QUESTIONS ON CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 

PAPER NO. I. 

i. What is Civil Government? 

2. Define "Quorum," "Majority," "Plurality," "Elect- 
or," and "Citizen." 

3. What is a patent? A copyright? 

4. What authority decides whether a law of the U. S. 
is in conflict with the Constitution? 

5. Show how a majority of our people may elect a 
president. A minority. 

6. Mention 10 powers the Constitution gives to Con- 
gress. 

7. What is a census? When will the next be taken? 

8. How long does a Judge of the U. S. Covirt hold 
his office? 

9. What is meant by contraband of war? 

10. State two rights which the Constitution guarantees 
to all persons accused of crime. 

PAPER NO. II. 

1. How are members of the U. S. Supreme Court 
selected? How many are there? 

2. What is the advantage of having two legislative 



202 THE COUNTY EXAMINER 

bodies? 

3. What is money? 

4. Mention five powers denied the U. S. by the Con- 
stitution. 

5. Tell what yon know about the West Point Military 
Academy. Annapolis Naval Academy. 

6. What is Civil Liberty? 

7. What is meant by reciprocity? 

8. How can the Constitution of the U. S. be amended? 

9. What is an ex post facto law. Why does the Con- 
stitution forbid such a law? 

10. Give the necessary qualifications before a person 
can become President of the U. S. 

PAPER NO. III. 

1. Give reasons for appointing Federal Judges to 
office for life, or during good behavior. 

2. Explain what is meant by Congress. For example 
what do you mean when )^ou speak of the 59th Congress? 

3. What is a Republic? A Monarchy? Name five 
countries of each. 

4. Define caucus, suffrage, election, government, and 
international law. 

5. What form of government is better for an ignorant 
people, Monarchy or Democracy? Why? 

6. Give in full the steps necessary to admit a State 
into the Union. 

7. Suppose a criminal leave the State, how is he got- 
ten back? 

8. What is meant by the Right of Eminent Domain? 

9. How are treaties between nations made? 



QUESTIONS ON CIVIL GOVERNMENT 203 

10. Name the cabinet offices. Which was the last es- 
tablished? 

PAPER NO. IV. 

1. How may the President of the United States be 
impeached? Has one ever been impeached? 

2. Why are taxes collected? Explain direct and indi- 
rect taxation. 

3. What constitutes treason against the United States? 

4. How are committees selected in the National 
House of Representatives? 

5. What are the necessary steps to be taken by a for- 
eigner before he is naturalized? 

6. What do you understand by letters of marque and 
reprisal? 

7. What is a State Constitution? By whom adopted? 

8. How is the electoral vote counted? In case the 
Electoral College fails to elect the President and Vice- 
President, how are they elected i Give an instance of 
each. 

9. Name five prominent men who assisted in framing 
the U. S. Constitution. 

10. What is the 15th amendment? 

PAPER NO. V. 

1. What does the term nation in a political sense 
mean? 

2. What analogy exists between the government of 
the United States and the several States? 

3. State in full the method of electing the President 
of the United States. 



2o 4 THE COUNTY EXAMINER 

4. Give the substance of the Declaration of Inde- 
pendence. 

5. What powers according - to the Constitution are re- 
served to the States, or to the people? 

6. Where must bills for raising- revenue originate? 
Why? 

7. What are the duties of ministers of the United 
States to other countries? Consuls? 

8. Which of the provisions set forth in the preamble 
of the United States Constitution do you regard the most 
important? Give reason. 

9. What is meant by impost duties? Excise duties? 
Income tax? 

10. Does ignorance of the law excuse anyone? Give 
reasons for your answer. 

PAPER NO. VI. 

1. Give a sketch of the Constitutional Convention 
that framed the Constitution of the United States. 

2. What is meant by a writ of habeas corptis? When 
may it be suspended? 

3. What is the salary of Senators and Representatives 
in Congress? 

4. Where and for what purpose does the word slavery 
occur in the Constitution? 

5. How often and when does Congress assemble? 
What is the constitutional term of its existence? 

6. When does the Chief Justice preside over the 
United States Senate? 

7. What is meant by the Australian ballot? Give the 
main features of the system. 

8. Name five of the most important committees of 



QUESTIONS ON CIVIL GOVERNMENT 20 5 

the House of Representatives. 

9. Distinguish between common and statute law. 
10. Define constitution; indictment; subpoena; mort- 
gage; law. 

PAPER NO. VII. 

1. What is meant by international arbitration? 

2. Is the veto power of the President qualified or ab 
solute? State what you can respecting the exercise of 
this power by the different Presidents. 

3. What constitutes a quorum in Congress? 

4. What is an executive session of the Senate? Why 
so called? 

5. Explain what is meant by a republican form of 
government. 

6. Name the three departments of government and 
give function of each. 

7. What are the purposes of the United States Con- 
titution as set forth in the preamble? 

8. What is a crime? 

9. What is a bill of Attainder? A Gerrymander? 

10. Name the special powers granted to the United 
States House of Representatives. 

PAPER NO. VIII. 

1. What do you mean by a written constitution? 
How does it differ from an unwritten constitution? 

2. From what are the laws of the United States 
mainly derived? 

3. How were the Colonies governed from the begin- 
ning of the Revolution until the Constitution went into 
effect? 



2o6 THE COUNTY EXAMINER 

4. If a Senator of the United States should resign, 
to whom would he address his resignation? How would 
the vacancy be filled? 

5. Name some of the duties of the Secretary of State; 
Secretary of Navy. 

6. What is a protocol? An armistice? 

7. What is an agent? A partnership? A corpora- 
tion? 

8. Who is the Commander-in-Chief of the army of 
the United States? 

9. What is the Fourteenth Amendment to the Consti- 
tion? 

10. How is the number of United States Representa- 
tives determined and how apportioned to each State? 

PAPER NO. IX. 

1. Why did the framers of the Constitution give each 
State equal representation in the Senate? 

2. Describe briefly the government of our Territories. 

3. Name the forms of government that existed in the 
Colonies. 

4. From what sources is the revenue of the United 
States obtained, and how? 

5. Under what circumstances would a State be justi- 
fied in raising troops without the consent of Congress? 

6. What is the origin of trial by jury? 

7. What functions does a sheriff perform? A magis- 
trate? 

8. Why were the Articles of Confederation insufficient 
to secure a stable government? 

9. Tell what you know of the government of the 
District of Columbia. 



QUESTIONS ON CIVIL GOVERNMENT 207 

10. What special powers are granted to the Senate of 
the 'United States? 

PAPER NO. X. 

1. What is a bill? A contract? 

2. What is the difference between a grand and petit 
jury? 

3. What should be the chief object of every govern- 
ment? 

4. What are the qualifications of a United States 
Senator? A Representative? 

5. Name some of the implied powers of Congress. 

6. Name some powers forbidden the States* 

7. What are the official rights of Congressmen? 

8. In what cases has the Supreme Court original 
jurisdiction? 

9. What rights are given the States by the Constitu- 
tion? 

10. Name the officers of the House of Representa- 
tives. How chosen? 




ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS ON CIVIL 

GOVERNMENT. 

PAPER NO. I. 

i. Civil Government is a treatise on the system 
of governing bodies of people. 

2. (a) A quorum is a stated number of an organ- 
ized body designated as sufficient to transact busi- 
ness. 

( b) A majority is more than half of all con- 
sidered. 

(c) Plurality is usually applied to votes and 
means more than those received by any other can- 
didate, when more than two are running, the num- 
ber received being less than half of all the votes 
cast. 

(d) An elector is a voter. The term is also 
applied to the persons chosen by the voters to elect 
president and vice-president. 

(e) A Citizen is a person born or naturalized 
in the United States and subject to its jurisdiction. 

3. A Patent is a writing issued by the govern- 
ment securing to an inventor the exclusive right to 
his invention for a period of seventeen years. 



ANSWERS TO CIVIL GOVERNMENT 209 

A Copyright is an instrument of writing given 
an author, painter, or designer by the government 
giving him the exclusive right of sale of any pro- 
duction for a period of twenty-eight years, with 
right of renewal for fourteen years. 

4. The Supreme Court of the United States de- 
cides when a law is in conflict with the Constitution. 

5. The President is elected by electors, chosen 
by the voters of the several States. If many of the 
States' electors are elected on a certain ticket by a 
small majority, and electors on the same ticket in 
other States lose by large majorities, the popular 
vote of the losing candidate may exceed that of the 
winning one; but if the reverse be true, the winning 
candidate will have an excess of both the electoral 
and popular votes. 

6. The following are ten important powers 
granted by the Constitution to Congress: 

(1) To lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts, 
excises. 

(2) To borrow mone}' on the credit of the 
United States. 

(3) To regulate commerce with foreign 
nations. 

(4) To establish a uniform rule of natural- 
ization. 

(5) To coin money and regulate the value 
thereof. 

(6) To provide for the punishment of coun- 



210 THE COUNTY EXAMINER 

terfeiting. 

(7) To establish post-offices and post-roads. 

(8) To constitute tribunals inferior to the 
Supreme Court. 

(9) To declare war. 

( 10.) To provide and maintain a navy. 

7. A census is an enumeration of the population 
of a country, and when taken the enumerators 
gather many statistics of importance. The next 
census will be taken in 1910. 

8. A judge of any of the United States courts 
holds his office for life, or during good behavior. 

9. By contraband of war is meant ammunitions, 
supplies, or in fact, anything intended for a bellig- 
erent that may assist in the war. 

10. The Constitution guarantees that every per- 
son accused of crime shall have a speedy trial by an 
impartial jury of the state and district where the 
crime was committed. 

PAPER NO. II. 

1. Members of the United States Supreme Court 
are appointed by the President, by and with the 
advice and consent of the Senate. There are nine 
members. 

2. By having two legislative bodies, hasty legis- 
lation is frequently checked. One body may pass 
a bill under excitement that is unjust, which, when 
considered by the other body not acting under the 
same influences, would be defeated. 



ANSWERS TO CIVIL GOVERNMENT 211 

3. Money is a medium of exchange. 

4. Congress shall not have power: 

(1 ) To suspend the bill of habeas corpus, ex- 
cept in case of rebellion or invasion, when the pub- 
lic safety may require it. 

(2) To pass a bill of attainder, or expost facto 
law. 

(3) To levy any capitation, or direct tax, un- 
less in proportion to the census. 

(4) To levy duties on articles exported from 
any State. 

(5) To grant any title of nobility. 

5. The Military Academy is located at West 
Point, New York, and is maintained by the National 
Government for the purpose of training officers for 
the army. 

The Naval Academy is located at Annapolis, 
Maryland, and is maintained by the Government 
for the purpose of educating officers for the navy. 

Appointments are made to these institutions 
from each congressional district and a number at 
large by the President. A four-years' course is ar- 
ranged for graduation, after which each graduate is 
required to serve four years in the army or navy. 

6. "Civil liberty is the natural liberty of man- 
kind, so far, and only so far restrained as is consist- 
ent with the public good." 

7. By reciprocity is meant an agreement between 
nations, by which each permits products of the 



2J2 THE COUNTY EXAMINER 

other to come into the country free of duty. 

8. Amendments to the Constitution can be pro- 
posed by two-thirds of both houses of Congress, if 
they deem it necessary; or, upon application of the 
Legislatures of two-thirds of the States, they shall 
call a convention for the purpose of proposing 
amendments. In either case, the proposed amend- 
ments shall become a part of the Constitution, if 
ratified by the Legistatures of three-fourths of the 
several States, or by conventions in three-fourths 
of the States. 

q. An cxpost facto law is one that makes an act 
a crime that was not a crime when committed, or 
increases the penalty of some act that was already 
a crime when committed. Such a law is forbidden, 
because too much power would be given the law- 
making department; besides, every one has a right 
to know what is criminal, that he may govern him- 
self properly. 

10. The President must be a natural-born citizen 
of the United States, thirty-five years of age, and 
fourteen years a resident within the United States. 

PAPER NO. III. 

i. Federal Judges are appointed for life or dur- 
ing good behavior, that all influences, political or 
otherwise, may be removed from them that will 
cause an unjust decision to be rendered. 



ANSWERS TO CIVIL GOVERNMENT 213 

2. By Congress is meant an assemblage of per- 
sons for the transaction of some important busi- 
ness. With us the term is generally applied to the 
two houses composing our national legislative body. 
Every two years United States Representatives are 
elected, and the term of office they serve is called 
a Congress. The first Congress met in 1789, and a 
new Congress has assembled the first Monday in 
December every two years since that time. 

3. A Republic is a government whose powers 
are delegated to representatives chosen by the 
people. The United States, France, Switzerland. 
Mexico and Brazil are Republics. 

A Monarchy is a government whose chief ruler 
holds his office by birth, in some of which the pow- 
ers of the government are partly given to the 
people, while in others the ruler's wishes are abso- 
lute. England, Germany, Spain, Italy and Russia 
are monarchies, 

4. A cazicus is an assemblage of people to deter- 
mine in advance what their actions upon some 
public question will be. By suffrage is meant the 
right to vote. An election is a poll of votes to de- 
termine the sense of the voters on some public 
question, or upon some candidates to be elected. 
By government is meant the method of ruling or 
controlling. International law is the law between 
nations made by a treaty or otherwise. 



2i 4 THE COUNTY EXAMINER 

5. A Monarchy is considered better for ignorant 
people, because under that form of government 
they have little or no voice in the government, 
while in a democracy or a republic, the people rule 
and should be intelligent. 

6. When a territory has population sufficient for 
statehood, a memorial is sent to Congress asking 
admission. Congress may then pass an "Enabling 
Act" authorizing the people of the territory to 
form a State Constitution, which, when formed, is 
submitted to Congress for ratification or rejection. 
If the Constitution formed is not in conflict with 
the United States Constitution, a final act of Con- 
gress admits the territory to statehood. 

7. If a criminal flees from justice to another 
State, the Governor of the State from which he 
flees draws requsition papers, which are presented 
to the Governor of the State in which the fugitive 
is found. If the papers are honored, the fugitive is 
extradited or taken back to the State from which 
he fled. 

8. By the Right of Eminent Domain is meant 
the right an organized government has of taking 
private property for public use. 

9. Treaties between nations are drafted by rep- 
resentatives chosen by each of the governments. 
After a treaty is agreed upon by the representa- 
tives, it is submitted to each of the governments 



ANSWERS TO CIVIL GOVERNMENT 215. 

interested, and, if ratified, it becomes effective. 

10. There are nine Cabinet officers, the last 
named being the last established : Secretary of State, 
Secretary of Treasury, Secretary of War, Attorney 
General, Postmaster General, Secretary of Navy, 
Secretary of Interior, Secretary of Agriculture, and 
Secretary of Commerce and Labor. 

PAPER NO. IV. 

i. The President may be impeached by the 
House of Representatives. President Johnson was 
impeached, but not convicted. 

2. Taxes are collected in order to defray the 
legitimate expenses of the government. Direct 
taxation is taxes upon the head or property of an 
individual. Indirect taxation is taxes upon goods 
of one person, but really is paid by the person who 
consumes the goods. 

3. Treason against the United States shall con- 
sist only in levying war against it, or in adhering to 
its enemies, giving them aid and comfort. 

4. The Speaker of the National House of Rep- 
resentatives selects the members of the various 
committees, though it is customary to permit the 
minority leader to suggest the members of each 
committee that the minority is allowed. 

5 V A person, to become a citizen, must be a res- 
ident of the United States at least five years. He 



2 j 6 THE COUNTY EX A MINER 

first appears in open court and declares his inten- 
tion of becoming a citizen. If, at the end of two 
years from the time such declarations are made, 
the five years have elapsed, he goes into open 
court again and, upon oath, renounces all allegiance 
to his native country, swears to support and defend 
the Constitution, and is granted naturalization 
papers. 

6. By Letters of Marque and Reprisal, the gov- 
ernment gives private citizens permission to molest 
the commerce of an enemy. It is legalized piracy. 

7. A State Constitution is the fundamental or 
supreme law of the State. It is adopted by the 
citizens of the State, but must not be in conflict 
with the United States Constitution. 

8. The electoral vote is counted by the Senate 
and House of Representatives in joint session. 

In case the electoral college fails to elect the 
President, he is elected by the House of Repre- 
sentatives. In case they fail to elect the Vice- 
President, he is elected by the Senate. Jefferson 
was elected President by the House of Represent- 
atives, and Richard M. Johnson was elected Vice- 
President by the Senate. 

9. Washington, Madison, Franklin, Hamilton 
and Pinckney were prominent members of the 
convention that framed the Constitution. 

10. The Fifteenth Amendment gave the negroes 
the right to vote. 



ANSWERS TO CIVIL GOVERNMENT 217 

PAPER NO. V. 

1. By nation is meant a body of people living 
under one form of government. 

2. The State Governments are modeled after 
the United States government. Each State has its 
three departments of government as the United 
States has, and the means of applying all, resemble 
those employed in the application of the depart- 
ments of the United States government. 

3. On Tuesday after the first Monday in Nov- 
ember every four years the voters of the several 
States are permitted to vote for the electors of the 
political party of their choice, and the electors who 
are elected elect the President in the following 
manner: They meet at their respective State 
capitals on the second Monday in January after 
the election and cast their votes, a record of which 
is sent to the President of the U. S. Senate by spe- 
cial messenger, another by mail, and another de- 
posited with the Judge of the United States Dis- 
trict Court in whose district the electors meet. On 
the second Wednesday of February following, the 
votes are opened in the presence of the Senate 
and House of Representatives in joint session and 
counted, the one receiving a majority of all the 
votes cast being declared elected. 

4. The Declaration of Independence renounced 
all allegiance to Great Britain and set forth the 
following: truths which were claimed to be self- 



2i$ TBE • COUNTY EXAMINER 

evident: "That all men are created equal; that 
they are endowed by the Creator with certain in- 
alienable rights; that among these are life, liberty 
and the pursuit of happiness." It gives causes for 
the need of government, recites the many abuses 
heaped upon the colonies by Great Britain; de- 
clares "That these united colonies are^of right and 
ought to be Free and Independent States," and 
concludes with these words'. "And tor the support 
of this declaration we mutually pledge to each 
other our lives, our fortunes and our sacred honor." 
For a fuller answer see the Declaration itself. 

5. The Tenth Amendment gives answer to this 
question in the following words: "The powers not 
granted to the United States by the Constitution 
or prohibited to it by the States are reserved to 
the States respectively or to the people." 

6. All bills for raising revenue must originate 
in the House of Representatives, because the rep- 
resentatives are elected by the people and they are 
thought to better understand the ability of the 
people to pay taxes. 

7. Ministers to other countries look after the 
political affairs of our country. They negotiate 
treaties, following the instructions of the Secretary 
of State, and maintain friendly relations between 
the United States and the country in which they 
are located. A Consul looks after the commercial 
interests of the United States and protects the in- 



ANSWERS TO CIVIL GOVERNMENT 219 

terests of its citizens abroad. 

8, "To promote the general welfare" is consid- 
ered the most important part of the preamble, be- 
cause the meaning of the phrase is broad enough 
to not only include the rest, but any act that would 
be for the benefit of the nation. 

9. By impost ditties is meant a tariff levied on 
goods brought into a country. Excise duties is a 
tax levied on the production or manufacture of 
goods in a country, such as tobacco and whiskey. 
A tax levied on a person's yearly income, after it 
reaches a certain amount is called an income tax. 

10. "Ignorance of the law excuses no one" is an 
old but true saying. If this were not true a plea of 
ignorance could be entered, and in many cases 
proven, which would allow the guilty to go free. 

PAPER NO. VI. 

1. The convention that framed the U. S. Con- 
stitution met in Philadelphia in 1787, Rhode Island 
being the only colony not represented. In the 
convention sat some of the ablest men the colo- 
nies had produced. Washington was elected Pres- 
ident of the Convention. Many disputes arose 
over different propositions, but after a session last- 
ing four months, the Constitution as we have it, 
with the exception of the amendments, was adopt- 
ed in the Convention and submitted to the States 
for ratification. 

2. Habeas corpus is a writ issued by a court ofifi- 



220 THE COUNTY EXAMINER 

cer commanding that a person imprisoned be 
brought forth and given a speedy trial in order to 
test his guilt or innocence. It may be suspended 
in case of rebellion or invasion when the public 
safety may require it. 

3. Senators and Representatives in Congress 
receive an annual salary of $7,500 and mileage in 
going to and returning from all sessions of Con- 
gress. 

4. The word slavery was not used in the Con- 
stitution as first adopted, but is found in the Thir- 
teenth Amendment in these words: "Neither slav- 
ery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punish- 
ment for crime, shall exist in the United States or 
any place subject to their jurisdiction." 

5. Congress assembles in regular session once 
each year, on the first Monday in December. The 
first session of each Congress is called the long ses- 
sion. It usually holds until the following summer. 
The last session is the short session, and extends 
from the first Monday in December to March 4th 
following, when the term of two years, the period 
of a Congress, expires. 

6. The Chief Justice presides over the Senate 
when the President is being tried for impeachment, 

7. A method of voting, called the Australian 
ballot system, originated in Australia. It was pro- 
posed by Francis S. Dutton, a member of the South 
Australian Legislature. It is altogether a secret 



ANSWERS TO CIVIL GOVERNMENT 221 

system of voting, it not being possible, either when 
the vote is counted or after, to tell how a person 
has voted. Massachusetts was the first State in 
the Union to adopt the system. It is now in gen- 
eral use. 

8. The following are five of the most important 
committees of the United States House of Repre- 
sentatives: Ways and Means, Foreign Affairs, 
Rivers and Harbors, Indian Affairs, Education, 
and Agriculture. 

9. By Common Law is meant the decisions of 
the courts of this and other countries which, for 
years and years, have been recognized as the law 
governing cases to which they may be applied. 
Statute Law is the*law enacted by a legislative as- 
sembly. 

10. A constitution is the supreme law of a body 
of people organized for government. An indict- 
ment is an accusation brought against a person 
charging crime. A subpcena is a summons for a 
witness to appear and testify. A mortgage is a 
written pledge of property to secure payment of an 
obligation. A law is a rule of action. 

PAPER NO. VII. 

1. When differences arise between two nations, 
they frequently submit their differences to some 
friendly nation or nations to decide. This is called 
International Arbitration. 

2. The veto power of the President is qualified, 



222 THE COUNTY EXAMINER 

inasmuch as Congress may pass bills over his veto 
by a two-thirds vote. Most of the Presidents have 
used the veto, though sparingly. The first bill to 
pass over the President's veto was during Tyler's 
Administration. Four were passed over the veto 
of President Pierce, and seventeen over the veto of 
President Johnson. 

3. A majority in each House of Congress is a 
quorum. 

4. When the Senate is in session for the purpose 
of ratifying treaties and concurring in appoint- 
ments made by the President, it is called an execu- 
tive session. It is called an executive session be- 
cause business relating only to the executive de- 
partment is considered. 

5. In a republican form of governuent, the 
people rule through representatives chosen by 
them. 

6. The three departments of the government 
with the functions of each are as follows: 

The Executive enforces the laws. 
The Legislative makes the laws. 
The judicial explains the laws. 

7. The purposes of the constitution as given in 
the preamble are as follows: 

(1) To form a more perfect Union. 

(2) To establish Justice. 

(3) To insure domestic tranquillity. 

(4) To provide for the common defense. 



ANSWERS TO CIVIL GOVERNMENT 223 

(5) To promote the general welfare. 

(6) To secure the blessings of liberty to our- 
selves and posterity. 

8. A crime is an offense against government. 

9. By bill oj attainder is meant a legislative act, 
inflicting death, without a judicial trial. A gerry- 
mander is the dividing of certain territory into leg- 
islative districts so as to gain for a party an in- 
creased representation. 

10. The United States House of Representatives 
has power to originate all bills for raising revenue, 
to make impeachments, and to elect the President 
in case the electors fail. 

PAPER NO, VIII. 

1. Countries having a written constitution have 
a written document which is the fundamental law 
of the nation. The constitution is the basis for all 
future laws. In an unwritten constitution the fun- 
damental law has not been placed in a written doc- 
ument. The unwritten principles are generally of 
long standing and are followed. 

2. Our laws are mainly derived from the Moth- 
er Country, England. 

3. From 1775 to 17S1 the Colonies were gov- 
erned by mutual consent. The Articles of Confed- 
eration went into effect in March, 1781, and they 
lived under them until the adoption of the Consti- 
tution in 1789. 

4. A United States Senator should address his 



224 THE COUNTY EXAMINER 

resignation to the Governor of the State from 
which he is elected. If the State Legislature of 
the State is not in session, the place would be filled 
by temporary appointment of the Governor of the 
State until the legislature met and elected one. 

5. The Secretary of State attends to all business 
between our government and foreign countries, 
keeps the great seal of the U. S., and affixes it to 
all commissions signed by the President and im- 
presses it upon all papers signed by his depart- 
ment. He also issues passports. The Secretary 
of the Navy has control of all affairs relating to 
naval operations. He also controls the Observa- 
tory at Washington, and the United States Naval 
Academy at Annapolis. 

6. A protocol is an agreement between countries 
at war to cease hostilities pending the formation 
ot a treaty. An armistice is a temporary cessation 
of hostilities while some special work is being 
done. 

7. An agent is a person entrusted with the busi- 
ness of another. A partnership is the relation ex- 
isting between persons who have agreed to com- 
bine their property or skill to carry on some enter- 
prise in which they agree to share in the profits. 
A corporation is a body politic, created as such by 
law, and having the power to act through its agents 
as one person. 

8. The President is the commander-in-chief of 



ANSWERS TO CIVIL GOVERNMENT 225 

both the army and navy, and militia of the several 
states when called into service. 

9. The fourteenth amendnent of the Constitu- 
tion made the slaves citizens, provided for the ap- 
portionment of Representatives according to the 
citizens of a State, and prohibited the payment of 
debts incurred by rebellion. 

10. The number of Representatives is deter- 
mined by Congress. The number representing the 
membership desired is divided into the population 
and the quotient is used as a ratio. The popula- 
tion of each State is divided by this ratio, to find 
the number to which each State is entitled. The 
number then necessary to make the number agreed 
upon is divided among the States having the larg- 
est fractions. 

PAPER NO. IX. 

1. A dispute arose between the States as to 
representation, the larger States wanting the rep- 
presentation in both Senate and House of Repre- 
sentatives divided according to population. The 
smaller States objected and by compromise, they 
agreed that the Representatives be apportioned 
according to population, but each State have the 
same number of Senators. 

2. The President appoints the Governor, Secre- 
tary, Chief judge and two Associate Judges, Attor- 
ney and Marshal of a Territory, all of whom hold 
office for four years. The other officers are elected. 



2 ?6 THE COUNTY EXAMINER 

The people of a Territory cannot vote for Presi- 
dential electors and have no part in the govern- 
ment of the United States other than sending a del- 
egate to Congress. 

3. The forms of government existing in the 
Colonies were charter, proprietary, and royal or 
provincial. 

4. The revenue of the United States comes from 
internal revenue, such as taxes on whiskey and 
tobacco, and a tariff placed on goods coming into 
the country. 

5. In case a State is invaded by an enemy, 
she may raise troops to protect her citizens and 
property, when it would be dangerous to wait for 
the general government to act. 

6. Trial by jury is thought to have originated 
in England about fourteen hundred years ago. 
Blackstone says it originated "at a time when the 
mind of man runneth not to the contrary." 

7. A sheriff is an executive officer. A magis- 
trate is a judicial officer. 

8. Under the Articles of Confederation there 
was but one department of government, the Legis- 
lative. They could make the necessary laws, but 
had no power to explain or enforce them. 

9. The government of the District of Columbia 
is under the charge of a Board of three Commis- 
sioners, one to be selected from the corps of en- 
gineers of the army, and two to be appointed by 



ANSWERS TO CIVIL GOVERNMENT 227 

the President and confirmed by the Senate. These 
Commissioners appoint all other officers of the 
District. 

10. The United States Senate has the following 
special powers: To try impeachments; to elect the 
Vice-President in case the electors fail; to ratify 
treaties and appointments made by the President. 

PAPER NO. X. 

1. A bill is a proposed law. A contract is an 
agreement to do or not to do a particular thing. 

2. A grand jury hears proof of State's witnesses 
and decides whether or not, in their opinion, there 
has been an offense committed. A petit jutyhears 
the proof both for and against the accused and 
makes the application of law as given by the court. 

3. The chief object of every government should 
be to look after the welfare of its citizens. 

4. A United States Senator must be 30 years of 
age, nine years a resident of the United States and 
an inhabitant of the State from which he is chosen. 

A Representative must be 25 years of age, 
seven years a citizen of the United States and an 
inhabitant of the State from which he is chosen. 

5. The following may be named as implied 
powers of Congress: To create corporations; to 
purchase foreign territory; to make internal im- 
provements. 

6. A State cannot coin money, issue bills of 
credit, make anything but gold or silver a tender in 



228 ■ THE COUNTY EXAMINER 

the payment of a debt, or pass any law impairing 
the obligations of contracts. 

7. Congressmen are exempt from arrest during 
sessions of Congress or while going to or returning 
from the same, except for treason, felony or a 
breach of peace. 

8. In all cases affecting ambassadors, public 
ministers and consuls, and those in which a State 
shall be a party, the Supreme Court shall have 
original jurisdiction. 

9. The Constitution guarantees to the States 
the right of full faith and credit of its public acts, 
records, and judicial proceedings, and that its citi- 
zens have all the privileges and immunities of the 
several States. 

10. The officers of the House of Representatives 
are Speaker, Clerk, Sergeant-at-Arms, Doorkeeper, 
Postmaster, Chaplain and Librarian. They are 
chosen by the House. 




QUESTIONS ON THEORY AND PRACTICE 

PAPER NO. I. 

i. What is Education? 

2. In what order are the faculties developed? 

3. What does the History of Education include? 

4. Name five of the most common methods used in 
teaching beginners to read. 

5. Why should Physiology and Hygiene be taught in 
all schools? 

6. What are some of the principal objects of the reci- 
tation? 

7. What value is a regular program? 

8. What is meant by development? 

9. What mental powers are chiefly used in the acqui- 
sition of knowledge? 

10. Who was Froebel, and for what was he noted? 

PAPER NO. II. 

1. What does the Theory and Practice of Teaching 
include? 

2. What three kinds of knowledge should the teacher 
possess? 

3. Name the classes into which education may be 
divided. 

4. Name several elements of governing power that a 



2 jo THE COUNTY EXAMINER 

teacher should possess. 

5. Why should the teacher study Psychology? 

6. What conditions determine the length of the reci- 
tation? 

7. Primary work should be principally objective. 
Why? 

8. What is introspection? 

9. Distinguish between inductive and deductive 
methods of teaching. 

10. Who was John Locke? Tell something about 
him. 

PAPER NO. III. 

1. What should be the professional training of a 
teacher? 

2. Name some of the most common school evils. 

3. What are incentives? Into what two classes are 
they divided. 

4. Of what benefit is a school examination? 

5. What is the effect of long-continued activity of the 
brain? How is it recuperated? 

6. What mental powers of the child are exercised in 
primary work? 

7. How should a school-house be ventilated? 

8. Name several conditions of easy control. 

9. What should be the attainments of a well regu- 
lated school? 

10. What is attention? Name the three classes. 

PAPER NO. IV. 

1. What kind of training should a teacher have? 

2. Under what form of government is education 



QUESTIONS ON THEORY AND PRACTICE 231 

especially needed? Why ? 

3. What is the greatest difficulty that most young 
teachers have to overcome? 

4. Are rules necessary in school discipline? If so, 
how used? 

5. What is the object of school punishment? 

6. What is imagination? What study is valuable in 
the cultivation of it? 

7. V/hich do you prefer, the lecture or the question 
method of teaching? Why? 

8. In what grade should Technical Grammar be in- 
troduced? 

9. What is the Will? 

10. Who was Roger Ascham? For what is he noted? 
PAPER NO. V. 

1. What are artificial incentives? Should they be 
used? 

2. What is the word method of teaching children to 
read? 

3. What causes injuries to the eyes of the pupils? 

4. What is the difference between synthetic and 
analytic methods of teaching? 

5. What common school studies especially train the 
reasoning powers? 

6. Define instruction ; training. 

7. What does good teaching include besides impart- 
ing instruction? 

8. What is school discipline? . 

9. Of what use are school records? 

10. Who were the Jesuits? What was their object? 



232 THE COUNTY EXAMINER 

PAPER NO. VI. 

i. What is intuition? 

2. How can moral instruction be given in school? 

3. Name several natural incentives. 

4. What hygienic condition should be looked after by 
the teacher? 

5. Name some improper school punishments. 

6. What does the Science of Pedagogy include? 

7. What relation exists between the teaching of His- 
tory and Geography? 

8. What should be the standard in teaching? Read- 
ing? 

9. How can patriotism be taught in school? 
10. Tell what you know of Pestalozzi. 

PAPER NO. VII. 

1. Why should teachers read educational works and 
educational journals? 

2. What is the object of the kindergarten? 

3. Should young children be suspended from school 
for misconduct? 

4. Should pupils be required to commit rules to 
memory? 

5. What is the great object of education? 

6. What is school government? 

7. What should be done by the teacher during the 
first day of school? 

8. Which of the common school branches do you con- 
sider the most important? Why? 

9 Name some of the responsibilities of a teacher. 
10. Name several educational reformers. 



QUESTIONS ON THEORY AND PRACTICE 233 
PAPER NO. VIII. 

1. Name some steps preparatory to the organization 
of a school. 

2. With what apparatus should schools be supplied? 

3. What relation does the school hold to the State? 

4. What is meant by the representative power of the 
mind? 

5. Define voluntary, involuntary and expectant at- 
tention? 

6. What is memory? 

7. Of what practical good are Teachers' Institutes? 

8. How should arithmetic be taught, inductively or 
deductively? 

9. What do you consider good order in the school 
room? 

10. What should be the work of a child during his first 
year at school? 

PAPER NO. IX. 

1. How should a school-room be heated? 

2. Mention some common mistakes that teachers 
make. 

3. Distinguish between the term teacher and in- 
structor. 

4. What is the Socratic method of teaching? 

5. What is tact? Perseverance? 

6. What can a teacher do to secure truthfulness 
among his pupils? 

7. Name several methods of teaching. 

8. Would you punish pupils by keeping them after 
school? 



234 THE COUNTY EXAMINER 

q. Why should a teacher have a knowledge of Physi- 
ology? 

10. What faculties are exercised in writing, history, 
rhetoric? 

PAPER NO. X. 

i. What is the Phonic method of teaching children 
to read? 

2. What should be the temperature of a school-room, 
and why? 

3. Name the advantages of oral spelling; written 
spelling. 

4. What is school economy? 

5. Are written recitations beneficial? 

6. How would you determine when a child should be 
promoted? 

7. When does the authority over a pupil begin and 
end? 

8. Whom do you consider qualified to teach? 

9. Name five educational leaders of this country. 
10. Write briefly of David Page. 




ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS ON THEORY 
AND PRACTICE. 

PAPER NO. I. 

i. Ediicatiou is a means by which the powers of 
nature as found in the child are developed. 

2. The perceptive faculties are the first to be de- 
veloped, next the conceptive, and last the reflective. 

3. The history of education includes the plans 
and the theories as advanced by eminent educators, 
and their application. 

4. Beginners are taught to read by the word, 
sentence, phonic, object, and alphabet methods. 

5. In order that we may know the functions of 
the various organs of the body, and the rules that 
are necessary to insure a healthful performance of 
the organs, a study of Physiology and Hygiene is 
necessary. 

6. The objects of the recitation are to supple- 
ment the information gained by the pupil, test his 
knowledge, cause a careful preparation of what is 
to be recited, and give directions as to future work. 

7. A regular program outlines the day's work, 
giving to each class and subject its division of the 



236 THE COUNTY EXAMINER 

time. It causes regularity in the work and saves 
any unnecessary loss of time. 

8. By development is meant the increase of the 
natural powers of the mind. 

9. Memory, reason and perception are mostly 
used in the acquisition of knowledge. 

10. Froebel was an eminent German educator, 
born in 1782. He was the founder of the Kinder- 
garten, and in primary work presented many plans 
of importance. 

PAPER NO. II. 

1. Theory and Practice of teaching includes a 
study of the faculties of the mind, and the meth- 
ods adopted in the development of these faculties 
as found in the child. 

2. A teacher should have a knowledge of what 
he is to teach, when he is to teach, and the methods 
by which he is to teach. 

3. Education may be divided into physical, men- 
tal and moral. 

4. To govern well, a teacher should possess an 
aptitude for the work, personal magnetism, will 
power, and heart power, to which may be added 
health and a complete understanding of the subject 
to be taught. 

5. A teacher should study Psychology for the 
same reason a physician should study Anatomy, 
Psychology deals with the mind, and as it is the 
mind that a teacher deals with he should under- 



ANSWERS TO THEORY AND PRACTICE 237 

stand it thoroughly. 

6. The length of a recitation is determined by 
the age of the pupil, the ability of the teacher to 
make interesting the study, and, in many instances, 
by allowing as much time as you can, which is fre- 
quently limited in the country school. 

7. Primary work should be mainly objective, be 
cause the child learns by means of the perceptive 
faculties. 

8. Introspection means really a looking in upon 
one's self and examining his mental powers and 
acts. 

9. Inductive teaching is teaching the principles 
that lead to the formation of rules, while deductive 
teaching consists in the study of the rule, after 
which comes its application. 

10. John Locke was a celebrated English edu- 
cator and philosopher of the seventeenth century. 
He favored private study rather than the public 
school, pointed out evils of the public schools, and 
advocated physical and moral training. It was he 
who, with Lord Shaftsberry, drew up the "Grand 
Model" form of government for the Carolinas. 

PAPER NO. III. 

1. The teacher should receive training in Psy- 
chology, History of Education, Methods of Teach- 
ing, School Management, and School Law. 

2. Tardiness, carelessness, irregularity in attend- 
ance, whispering, lack of sufficient night study, and 



2j8 THE COUNTY EXAMINER 

a desire among larger pupils to write notes, are 
common school evils. 

3. Incentives are inducements to make an effort 
to do something. They are divided into artificial 
and natural. 

4. The school examination causes pupils to study 
harder in order to secure a good grade, or a high 
rank in grade, teaches them to express their 
thoughts in writing, and informs the teacher as to 
the ability or inability of the pupil. 

5. Long-continued brain activity causes the 
brain to become wearied, and it needs rest or sleep 
for recuperation. 

6. In primary work the child uses mostly the 
powers of memory and imagination* 

7. The ventilation of the school-room may be 
secured by raising or lowering the windows, by 
transom, by flue to carry out impure air, care being 
exercised to prevent draughts of cold air. 

8. A teacher to be able to control should have 
the co-operation of the school officers and patrons. 
The school-house should be properly heated and 
ventilated and should have proper seats and desks. 

9. The attainments of a well-regulated school 
should be regularity, punctuality, accuracy, neatness 
and application. 

10. Attention is concentration of any faculty or 
faculties of the mind upon any thought or subject. 
There are three kinds of attention — voluntary, in- 



ANSWERS TO THEORY AND PRACTICE 239 

voluntary and expectant, 

PAPER NO. IV. 

1. In addition to professional training, a teacher 
should have a thorough academic training, even 
though he is not to teach the higher branches. 

2. Education is more needed in a republic, be- 
cause, under this form of government, the people 
rule, and the better informed the people the better 
will be the government. 

3. Most young teachers have more trouble in 
maintaining order than in any other one thing. 

4. Strictly speaking, we would say rules are not 
necessary in school discipline. The more advanced 
pupils know right from wrong and should be called 
upon to govern themselves accordingly. If the 
teacher sees that this is done by correction and 
punishment, if necessary, the smaller pupils 
will give but little trouble. When a wrong is com- 
mitted, however, correction or punishment for 
either small or large should always follow. This 
establishes certain regulations, but furnishes no 
long list of rules, with punishments laid down for 
each case. 

5. The object of school punishment is to cor- 
rect the evil-doer and serve as a warning to others 
who might be led to commit the same or other 
offenses. 

6. Imagination is a mental image created by the 
mind working through the memory. History and 



2 4 o THE COUNTY EXAMINER 

Geography are valuable in the cultivation of the 
imagination. 

7. The question method of teaching is prefer- 
able to the lecture method, because it enables the 
teacher to learn the difficulties of the pupil and 
correct his mistakes. To an extent, however, the 
lecture method is valuable. 

8. Technical grammar should be introduced 
about the seventh grade. 

9. The will is the power to determine to do or 
not to do certain things. 

10. Roger Ascham was Queen Elizabeth's tea.cher 
of Greek and Latin. He was the author of a work 
on education called the "Schoolmaster," in which 
he deals mostfy with the : teaching of the two lan- 
guages mentioned. 

PAPER NO. V. 

1. Artificial incentives are inducements to study, 
such as prizes, privileges and immunities. It is 
best not to use them, if the school can be reached 
through natural incentives. 

2. In the zvord method children are taught the 
word as a whole without regard to the letters 
of which the words are composed. 

3. Pupils' eyes are injured by bad light or by 
the improper location of the desks. 

4. In the analytic method oi teaching the subject 
is presented as a whole, and then an analysis of its 
several parts is made. The synthetic method pre- 



ANSWERS TO THEORY AND PRACTICE 241 

sents the parts from which the whole is constructed. 

5. The common school studies that train the 
reasoning powers are Arithmetic and Grammar. 

6. Initriiction is giving information to the mind 
on subjects in which it is ignorant. Training is 
directing an organ or faculty by constant use, so as 
to obtain results rapidly. 

7. Good teaching, in addition to imparting in- 
struction, seeks to develop the natural powers of 
the pupil. 

8. School discipline consists in correcting bad 
habits and securing the co-operation of the pupils 
in self-government. 

9. School records give information to parents and 
school officers; aids the teacher in the classification 
of and promotion of the pupils. 

10. The Jesuits was an order founded in France 
in 1540 by Ignatius Loyola. Their main object 
was to fight the battles of the Roman Catholic 
Church and prevent the spread of Protestantism. 
As a means to accomplish this, they undertook to 
educate the young, and sent out French mission- 
aries to all debatable territories in Europe and to 
the newly-discovered territory in America. 

PAPER NO. VI. 

1. Intuition is that power by which we know 
without being taught. 

2. Morality in school can be taught by presenta- 
tion of stories, gems and maxims. Attention in 
history should be called to acts of bravery and her- 



242 THE COUNTY EXAMINER . 

roism. The best lesson, however, is learned from 
the teacher, whose daily life should serve as a guide 
to the pupil. 

3. The following are natural incentives: desire 
for success, good standing, knowledge, efficiency, 
honor, power, usefulness, self-respect, and future 
good. 

4. The most important hygienic conditions that 
need attention by the teacher is to see that the 
room is properly ventilated, heated and lighted. 

5. Improper school punishments are such as 
blows on the head, pulling the hair or ears, use of 
dunce caps, and the use of bitter and uncalled-for 
epithets. 

6. The science of Pedagogy includes school 
ethics, logic, and psychology. 

7. The study of History and Geography go hand 
in hand. No pupil can fully understand history 
until he has fixed in mind the geographical situa- 
tion of all the places connected with the descrip- 
tion. Likewise, geography pupils should know 
something of the history of a State to fully appre- 
ciate its geography. 

8. The standard in teaching reading should be 
to have the pupils obtain the thought and be able 
to express it as the author intended. . 

9. Patriotism can be taught by having the pupils 
study deeds of heroism and the effect they have 
upon the people or country. 

10. Pestalozzi was a great Swiss reformer in edu- 



ANSWERS TO THEORY AND PRACTICE 243 

cation. He began his work in the latter part of the 
eighteenth century. He taught that the end of ed- 
ucation is the harmonious development of all the 
faculties. 

PAPER NO. VII. 

1. From works on education and journals of ed- 
ucation, the teacher can inform himself upon the 
best methods of instruction. He can also learn of 
school management or discipline, and can keep up 
with the times on everything pertaining to the 

school. 

2. The object of the kindergarten, as described 

by Froebel himself, is "to give the children em- 
ployment in agreement with their whole nature, to 
strengthen their bodies, to exercise their senses, to 
engage their awakening mind, and through their 
senses to make them acquainted with nature and 
their fellow-creatures." 

3. It is not necessary to suspend a young child 
from school for misconduct, and rarely ever neces- 
sary to suspend a larger one if the school is prop- 
erly managed. 

4. Pupils should not be required to commit 

rules to memory. The teaching should be done by 
example, and the pupil allowed to formulate his 
rule, if one is necessary. 

5. The great object of education is to prepare the 
children to make the most of life and make the 
state and nation better on account of an enlight- 
ened citizenship. 



244 %&£ COUNTY EXAMINER 

6. School government is the mode ot ruling or 

controlling the school. 

7. During the first day of school the teacher 

should make an effort to form the acquaintance of 
all the pupils, arrange his program to suit the 
school as near as possible, and assign work for the 

second day. 

8. Reading is of more importance than any of 

the common school branches, because we learn the 

greater oart of what we know from reading. It is 

said we learn nine-tenths of all we know from this 

source. 

q. The teacher is responsible for the behavior 

of the pupils while in school, on the play-ground, 

and in a great measure when they are on the road 

to and from school. He is also responsible for 

their mental and moral training and intellectual 

growth. 

10. Comenius, Spencer, Rousseau, Basedow, and 

Jacotot are educational reformers. 

PAPER NO. VIII. 

1. It is well for the teacher to visit in the neigh- 
borhood where he intends to teach prior to the 
opening day of school. He should also gain some 
knowledge of the pupils he is to have and how far 
they are advanced, that he may have formulated a 
temporary program. 

2. Each school should be supplied with black- 
boards, globes, charts and maps. 

3. The school is the instrument through which 



ANSWERS TO THEORY AND PRACTICE 245 

the States prepare for future citizens of great use- 
fulness. 

4. The representative power of the mind is the 
power we have of reproducing the image of absent 
objects. 

5. The attention given because the will directs 
is voluntary; that given because of interest in any- 
thing is involuntary ; and attention given because 
something is expected to take place or happen is 
expectant attention. 

6. The power the mind has to retain and repro- 
duce is called 'memory. 

7. The teachers' institute serves as a normal 
school in which methods pertaining to all branches 
of school work are discussed. This enables the 
teachers to select such of the methods as are best 
suited to their needs and substitute them for the 
old ones. 

8. Arithmetic should be taught inductively. It 
would be better to have a text book that gives few 
rules, if any at all, the student being compelled to 
form his own rules. 

9. In a school where good order is maintained, 
teacher and pupils should all be at work. There 
should be no great amount of noise, only so much 
as necessary movements require. The time of the 
teacher should not be consumed in efforts to keep 
the pupils quiet, but in the recitation. 

10. The pupils the first year of school should 



246 - THE CO UNTY EX A MINER 

master the first reader, first year's work in lan- 
guage, and be given oral instruction in history, 
geography and physiology. He should also learn 
to write and spell such words as he has learned in 
reading, and be taught numbers and their combin- 
ations, beginning by the use of objects. 

PAPER NO. IX. 

i. The stove in the schoolhouse should be near 
the center of the room. The heat radiates in all 
directions. All parts of the room will be heated 
to the same temperature. 

2. The following are mistakes frequently made 
by the teacher: Advancing the pupils from one 
grade to another before they are prepared; assign- 
ing lessons that are too long; failing to correct the 
larger pupils for their misconduct; and administer- 
ing cruel and inhuman punishment. 

3. A teacher is one who instructs, develops and 
trains. An t?istructor is one who imparts informa- 
tion. 

4. The Socratic method of teaching consists in 
the development of the faculties of the mind by 
questions which enables the pupil to form new 
ideas or correct his mistakes without any other 
assistance from the teacher, 

5. Tact is another name for common sense. 
Perseverence is continuing anything once begun. 

6. The example of the teacher himself will 
aid materially in securing truthfulness among the 



ANSWERS TO THEORY AND PRACTICE 247 

pupils. Short stories relating to truthfulness may 
may be read or related. The pupil should not be 
forced to incriminate himself and then punished 
severely for so doing. 

7. The following are the principal methods of 
teaching: Oral, Topic, Written, Lecture, and 
Socratic. 

8. Pupils should not be kept after school as a 
punishment. 

9. A teacher that understands physiology has a 
knowledge of the human body and its use; can fre- 
quently be of service in case of accident. Rules 
of health can be pointed out by him and reasons 
given for their observance. 

10. Writing exercises the perceptive faculties, his- 
tory the conceptive, and rhetoric the reflective. 

PAPER NO. X. 

1. The plio?iic method consists in teaching the 
sounds of words through the powers of the letters 
composing them. Short words that have no silent 
letters are generally used first. 

2. The temperature of the school-room should 
be about 72 degrees Fahrenheit, with the ther- 
mometer hanging against the wall where there is 
no draft. 

3. Oral spelling teaches the pupil to pronounce 
correctly and articulate distinctly, provided the 
teacher has him to pronounce the word before or 
after spelling. Written spelling teaches the pupil 



248 'THE COUNTY EXAMINER 

by practice to fix the order of the letters of a word 
in mind and gives practice in writing. 

4. School economy is the arrangement of the work 
so as to obtain the best result. 

5. Written recitations are beneficial because the 
pupil learns by practice to express his thoughts on 
paper. This assists the pupil in examination work 
and aids materially in composition work. 

6. A final examination, together with the teach- 
er's information as to the knowledge of the pupil 
should be the test for promotion. 

7. In most States the authority of the teacher 
over the pupil begins when they leave their home, 
and ends when they return. 

8. Any person who has good moral habits, is 
physically able, has sufficient knowledge of the 
subjects to be taught, and the power to impart that 
knowledge to others, is qualified to teach. 

9. David Page, Andrew Dickson, White, Hor- 
ace Mann and William Dwight Whitney are educa- 
tional leaders of this country. 

10. David Page was born in New Hampshire in 
1810. In early life his education was much neg- 
lected. At the age of seventeen he spent one year 
in an academy. Several years were spent in teach- 
ing in Massachusetts, after which he was elected 
principal of the State Normal College at Albany, 
New York. Page lives in his Theory and Practice 

of Teaching, which has had a larger circulation 
than any similar work on education. 



QUESTIONS ON LITERATURE, 

PAPER NO. I. 

i. What is Literature? 

2. What was the first English comedy? The first 
English drama? 

3. Who is considered the father of English prose? 
Tell something of his work. 

4. Give a brief account of James Fenimore Cooper 
and his literary career. 

5. What was the "Brook Farm experiment?" 

6. Who was the "Wizard of the North?" Name 
several of his works. 

7. Name a production of each of the following writers : 
Agassiz, Bryant, Wordsworth, Irving, Bayard Tayloi 

8. Name several noted American Essayists. 

9. Name four of the most prominent American his- 
torians, and give a work of each. 

10. Give a short quotation from each of the following: 
Tennyson, Longfellow, Shakespeare, Wilcox and Lamb. 

PAPER NO. II. 

1. Give a brief account of John Bunyan and his lead- 
ing work. 

2. What was the effect of the Norman Conquest upon 
the literature of England? 



2 5 o THE COUNTY JEXAMINER 

3. Name five prominent American writers of the Col- 
onial period and a work of each. 

4. Give a brief account of James Russell Lowell, and 
name his best works. 

5. How do the writings of Edmund Spenser differ 
from those of Herbert Spencer? Name some works of 
each. 

6. Who is the author of the following: The Star 
Spangled Banner, Home Sweet Home, America, Hail 
Columbia, Robinson Crusoe? 

7. What noted writers are known as transcendent- 
alists? 

8. What is the greatest Epic poem in the English lan- 
guage? With what poems of other languages may it be 
classed? 

9. Who was the first noted English philosopher? 
Name his principal works. 

10. Name the three most noted English novelists and 
two works of each. 

PAPER NO. III. 

1. Who is the most noted American novelist? Name 
several of his works. 

2. Give an account of Thomas Carlyle. 

3. Who were Adam Smith and William Blackstone? 

4. Name several translations of the Bible into Eng- 
lish and give date. 

5. Write briefly of Holmes. Name two of his poems 
and two of his prose works. 

6. Name the leading characters in Shakespeare's 
4 'Julius Csesar. " Upon what historical facts is it based? 

7. What American authors comprised the "Cambridge 



QUESTIONS ON LITERA TORE 251 

Group?" 

8. Who is considered the father of English poetry? 
What is his chief work? Discuss it. 

9. Who wrote the following: We Are Seven, Alham- 
bra, Holy Living, The Saints' Everlasting Rest, Prome- 
theus Unbound? 

10. Quote from the following: Keats, Scott, Dryden, 
Pope, Burns. 

PAPER NO. IV. 

1. Give a brief account of Shakespeare. 

2. Who wrote the following: The Tempest, The 
Ring and the Book, Walden Pond, Modern Painters, 
Alice of Old Vincennes? 

3. Who was Bede? What did he write? 

4. Who are considered the four great masters of Eng- 
lish poetry? 

5. What English author was poet, novelist, dramat- 
ist and historian? Name several of his works. 

6. Tell something of Robert Burns and name his 
most important productions. 

7. Who were the greatest English poets of the Vic- 
torian age? 

8. Name several of the greatest journalists America 
has produced and the paper for which each wrote. 

9. Who were the Anglo-Saxons? 

10. Quote from each of the following selections, giv- 
ing author: L'Allegro, The Rape of the Lock, The 
Cloud, In Memoriam, To a Waterfowl. 

PAPER NO. V. 

1. Name one of Shakespeare's important tragedies 



252 THE COUNTY EXAMINER 

and give the most noted characters. 

2. Name the authors of the following: The Confes- 
sions of an English Opium Eater, The Cotter's Saturday- 
Night, The Biglow Papers, Jane Eyre, Adam Bede. 

3. Name five famous American orators of the first 
half of the Nineteenth Century. 

4. Who was Whittier? What is his masterpiece? 
Name several other productions. 

5. What is considered the masterpiece of each of the 
following novelists : Goldsmith, Richardson, Stevenson, 
Hawthorne, Thackeray. 

6. Write briefly of William Cullen Bryant. What 
are his leading productions? 

7. Who was Beowulf? Give in substance the story 
accredited to him. 

8. What were the first books published in America? 

9. Who was Edmund Burke? Name several of his 
orations, and name the one usually studied in our schools 

10. Name several writers of the Revolutionary period 
and a production of each. 

PAPER NO. VI. 

1. What period is called the * 'Golden Age" of Eng- 
lish literature? Name five writers of this period. 

2. Write briefly of Alfred Tennyson. To what pe- 
riod does he belong? Name his best productions. 

3. State the authors of the following: Prue and I, 
Views Afoot, Uncle Remus, The Bells, The American 
Flag, The Marble Faun, Utopia, The Shepherd's Calen- 
dar. 

4. Who was Alfred the Great? Tell something of the 
language of his time. 



Q UESTIONS ON LITER A TURK 253 

5. Who were the Lake School poets? Why so called? 

6. Name the author of each of the following: She 
Stoops to Conquer, The Tale of the Tub, Rasseles. 

7. Tell something of Helen Hunt Jackson. What is 
her masterpiece? 

8. Name five noted American humorists. 

9. Tell something of Lord Byron and his works. 

10. Quote from each of the following: The Deserted 
Village, The Task, Concord Hymn, Locksley Hall. 

PAPER NO. VII. 

1. Name the periods into which English literature is 
usually divided. 

2. Mention several prose writers of the Elizabethan 
Age. 

3. Name several noted writers of Lyric poetry. 

4. Name the most noted English historians of the 
Eighteenth Century and give a production of each. 

5. Write briefly of Edgar Allan Poe. How does he 
rank as a poet? 

6. Tell something of Robert and Elizabeth Barrett 
Browning and name some productions of each. 

7. Name some noted writers of literature for chil- 
dren and a selection of each. 

8. How many plays did Shakespeare write? Name 
three tragedies, three comedies, and three historical 
plays. 

9. In what works are the following characters found : 
Ophelia, Uriah Heep, Hester Prynn, Kenyon, John 
Alden, Roderick Dhu? 

10. Give the name of a poem written by each of the 
following: Helen Hunt Jackson, Willis, Stoddard, Riley, 
Whitman. 



254 THE COUNTY EXAMINER 

PAPER NO. VIII. 

i. Write briefly of William Gilmore Simms and of 
Joaquin Miller, 

2. Name several minor women writers. 

3. What was "The Federalist?" Why published? 

4. Who was the most noted writer of the Revolution- 
ary period? Name some of his selections. 

5. Give an account of Addison and Steele. 

6. Who were contemporaries of Shakespeare? 

7. Who was the author of each of the following-: 
Dombey and Son, Last Days of Pompeii, Deerslayer, 
Representative Men, Sesame and Lilies? 

8. Contrast the stories of Dickens with those of 
Thackeray. 

9. Name several scientific writers and a work of each. 
10. Give a brief sketch of Irving and his writings. 

PAPER NO. IX. 

1. Describe briefly the life and writings of Milton, 

2. Tell by whom the art of printing was introduced 
into England. 

3. Give several poetical quotations that have be- 
come as familiar as proverbs. 

4. Name several writers who are remembered by a 
single work, and name the work in each instance. 

5. Tell something of Samuel L. Clemens and his 
productions. 

6. Name several contemporaries of Irving. 

7. Who were the Celts? Tell something of their 
characteristics and habits of life. 

8. Into what periods may American literature be 
divided? 



QUESTIONS ON LITERATURE 255 

9. What caused Holmes to write "Old Ironsides?" 
10. Give the author and quote from the following: 
Hyperion, Essay on Criticism, Crossing the Bar. 

PAPER NO. X. 

1. Write briefly of John Ruskin. 

2. Name several noted Educational writers and a pro- 
duction of each. 

3. Who wrote the following: In Ole Virginia, Life 
on the Nile, Hymn to the Beautiful, Little Breeches, 
Gone With a Handsomer Man. 

4. Name several writers of Colonial times and an im- 
portant work of each. 

5. Tell something of William Cowper and his works. 

6. Give a brief account of Longfellow, and name his 
most important productions. 

7. Who wrote the Salmagundi Papers? What were 
their object? 

8. Give an important selection of the folio wing: 
Alice Cary, Phcebe Cary, Thomas Bailey Aldrich, 
Charles Follen Adams, Joel Chandler Harris. 

9. What connection had Sir Walter Raleigh with litr 
erature? 

10. Who is the author of the following: Ben Hur, The 
Hoosier Schoolmaster, The Old Oaken Bucket, Dixie, 
My Country 'Tis of Thee. 



ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS ON LITER- 
ATURE. 

PAPER NO. I. 

i. Literature includes the writings of all people 
of all ages down to the present time. 

2. The first English comedy was Ralph Roister 
Doister, written by Nicholas Udall about the time of 
the accession of Queen Elizabeth. The first English 
drama, Gorboduc, written by Sackville and Norton, 
appeared a few years after the first comedy. 

3. Sir John Mandeville is sometimes called "the 
father of English prose." He is the accredited 
author of a book written in French and translated in- 
to English about the beginning of the Fifteenth 
century. In this an account of his travels to Jerusa- 
lem and other places is given. Some claim that 
there really was no such person, and that the writ- 
ings accredited to him were a combination of trav- 
elers' stories or else products of fiction — the inven- 
tion or creation of other writers. 

4. James Fenimore Cooper was born in Burling- 
ton, New Jersey, in 1789, and died in 1851. He en- 



ANSWERS TO LITERATURE 



-O/ 



tered Yale, but on account of disobedience was sent 
home before he graduated. He then spent four 
years in the United States navy. His first novel, 
Precaution, was a failure, but he never yielded to 
discouragement and soon wrote The Spy, which 
brought him into prominence at once. Two years 
ater he wrote The Pioneers, the first of the Leath- 
erstocking Tales. In 1824 Ihe Pilot appeared, and 
in 1826 Ihe Last of the Mohicans. In all, he wrote 
thirty-five novels, besides essays and histories. 

5. A number of New England writers united in 
what is known as the "Brook Farm Experiment." 
A farm was bought, upon which they were to live, 
devoting a few hours each clay to work. The 
remainder of the time was to be spent in pleasure 
and literary pursuit. The experiment soon failed. 
Hawthorne, Curtis, and Ripley were chief among 
the promoters. 

6. Sir Walter Scott, a noted Scotch writer, is 
called "The Wizard of the North." His most im- 
portant works are Ivanhoe, Lady of the Lake, Talis- 
man, Marmion, and Woodstock. 

7. Agassiz produced Glaciers; Bryant, The Flood 
of Years; Wordsworth, The Daffodil; Irving, Sketch 
Book; Bayard Taylor, Views Afoot, 

8. The most noted American essayists are Em- 
erson, Lowell, Holmes and Thoreau. 

9. The most noted American historians, with a 
production of each, are as follows: 



2 5 8 THE COUNTY EXAMINER 

Prescott, The Conquest of Mexico; 
Bancroft, History of the United States ; 
Motley, The Rise of the Dutch Republic; 
Parkman, The Oregon Trail. 

10. But oh! for the touch of a vanished hand 
And the sound of a voice that is still. 

— Tennyson. 

And the cares that infest the day 
Shall fold their tents, like the Arabs, 

And as silently steal away. 

—Longfellow. 

Sweet are the uses of adversity, 

Which, like the toad, ugly and venomous, 

Wears yet a precious jewel in his head. 

— Shake spea re . 

Laugh, and the world laughs with you; 

Weep, and you weep alone; 
For the sad old earth must borrow its mirth, 

But has trouble enough of its own. 

— Ella Wheeler Wilcox. 

I have had playmates, I have had compan- 
ions, 

In my days of childhood, in my joyful school 
days. 

All, all are gone — the old familiar faces, 

— Lamb. 

PAPER NO. II. 
i. John Bunyan was born at Elstow, England, 



ANSWERS TO LITERATURE 259 

in 1628. His education was meager, and for a while 
he followed the trade of his father — that of a 
tinker. His youth had been spent in wickedness, 
for which in early manhood he repented and be- 
came a preacher. After the Restoration he was 
arrested for preaching without Episcopal sanction 
and thrust into Bedford jail, where he remained 
twelve years because he would not promise to do 
no more preaching if set free. It was within the 
walls of the jail that he wrote The Pilgrim s Prog- 
ress, the most perfect Allegory ever produced. It 
is a story of a Christian's journey through life and 
proves a thorough understanding of the Bible. 
Bunyan wrote several other books, and continued 
to preach after his release from prison. He died 
in 



2. The Norman Conquest produced an entire 
change in the literature of England. For a time 
both the conqueror and the conquered spoke their 
own language, each using the Latin in church serv- 
ice. For three centuries the contest between the 
languages was waged, at the end of which there 
was a new English altogether different from the 
old. 

3. The most noted writers of the Colonial 
period, with a work of each, are as follows: Jon- 
athan Edwards, Freedom of the Will; Cotton Math- 
er, Magnolia; Roger Williams, The Bloody Tenet 
of Persecution ,-John Elliott, Translation of the Bible ; 



260 THE COUNTY EXAMINER 

John Winthrop, History of New England. 

4. James Russell Lowell was born in Cam- 
bridge in 1819 and died in 1891. He graduated 
from Harvard College, studied law, was admitted 
to the bar, but his inclination for literature was so 
strong that he never practiced law. Of his pro- 
ductions the most noted are: The Vision of Sir 
Launfal, A Fable for Critics, The Big-low Papers. 

5. Edmund Spenser was a poet of the Eliza- 
bethan age, the best since Chaucer's time, so much 
so that he was called the "new poet." His most 
noted productions are The Shepherd's Calendar and 
Faerie Queen. 

Herbert Spencer was a philosophical and ed- 
ucational writer. He died in 1903. His most noted 
productions are the following: Principles of Pyschol- 
ogv> First Principles ', and Principles of Biology. 

6. The Star Spang-led Banner was written by 
Francis S. Key, Home, Sweet Home by John How- 
ard Payne, America by S. F. Smith, Hail Columbia 
by Francis Hopkinson, Robinson Crusoe by Daniel 
Defoe. 

7. Emerson, Thoreau, Hawthorne, Channing, 
Parker, and Alcott are known as transcendental- 
ists. 

8. Milton's Paradise Lost is the greatest epic 
poem in the English language. It may be classed 
with Homer's Iliad in Greek and Virgil's sEneid'm 
Latin. 



ANSWERS TO LITERATURE 261 

9. Francis Bacon was the first noted English 
philosopher. His first production was Novum 
Orgamnn. He wrote 1 he Advancement of Learn- 
ing- and Essays, besides historical and political pro- 
ductions. 

10. (a) Charles Dickens, William Makepeace 
Thackeray, Mary Ann Evans (George Eliot) are 
the three most noted English novelists, (b) Dick- 
ens wrote David Cofifierfield and Oliver Twisty 
Thackeray, Vanity Fair and The Nevjcomes, George 
Eliot Adam Bede and The Mill on the Floss. 

PAPER NO. III. 

1. Nathaniel Hawthorne is generally considered 
the most noted American novelist. The Scarlet 
Letter, Marble Faun, House of Seven Gables are his 
best works. He wrote short stories and sketches 
under the title of Twice -Told Tales and Mosses 
from an Old Manse. 

2. Thomas Carlyle, the son of a Scotch stone- 
mason, was born in 1795. H e was educated at the 
University of Edinburgh, and was for a time unde- 
cided as to his profession, but finally decided to 
earn his living by writing. At first little attention 
was paid to what he wrote or translated. He never 
has been read to the extent of many writers of his 
age, yet he was one of the deepest writers and 
thinkers of any age. His best known productions 
are : Sartor Resartus, History of the French Revolu- 
tion, Heroes and Hero-Worship, and Life of Frederick 



262 THE COUNTY EXAMINER 

the Great. 

3. Adam Smith was the founder of the science 
of political economy in England. His greatest 
work is the Wealth of Nations. 

William Blackstone is the best known law 
writers of any age. The work that made him 
famous is his Commentaries on the Laws of England* 

4. The following are some of the translations of 
the Bible in whole or part, with date of each: John 
Wycliffe, New Testament, in 1380; William Tyn- 
dale, New Testament, in 1525; King James' Bible 
or Authorized Version, in 1611; the Revised Ver- 
sion by English and American Scholars, in 1881. 

5. Oliver Wendell Holmes was born in 1809 
and died in 1894. He studied law and medicine, 
but he was so inclined to literature that he gave up 
both. Soon after he left school he produced a vol- 
ume of poems that contained My Aunt, The Sep- 
t ember Gale, and The Last Leaf. In 1847 he was 
elected Professor of Anatomy in Harvard and held 
the place for thirty-five years. His most noted 
productions are the following: The Autocrat of the 
Breakfast Table, Chambered Nautilus, and Elsie 
Vernier. 

6. The leading characters in Julius Caesar are 
Brutus, Cassius, Antony, and Caesar. It is based 
upon the assassination of Caesar, the funeral ora- 
tions of Brutus and Antony, and the battles of 
Philippi. 



ANSWERS TO LITERATURE 263 

7. Longfellow, Lowell, Whittier, and Holmes 
are the American authors that comprised the Cain- 
bridge Grout). 

8. Geoffrey Chaucer is considered the father of 
English poetry. His chief work is the Canterbury 
Tales. It represents a traveler at Tabard Inn, in 
Southwark, ready to start for Canterbury. He is 
joined 03^ a party of twenty-nine, who have started 
for the same place. The host, Harry Bailey, tells 
them he never saw such a merry company, and 
proposes that each of them tell two stories going 
and coming, and upon their return a supper will be 
given to the one who has told the best stor}^. The 
landlord proposed to go with them and judge the 
stories. There are but twenty-five of them, three 
of which are incomplete, as Chaucer never carried 
out his full plan. 

9. We Are Seven was written by Wordsworth, 
Alhainbra by Irving, Holy Living by Jeremy Tay- 
lor, The Saints Everlasting Rest by Richard Bax- 
ter, Prometheus Unbound 'by Shelley. 

10. Beauty is truth, truth beauty — that is all 

Ye know on earth and all ye need to know. 

— -Keats. 
Oh, what a tangle web we weave 
When first we practice to deceive. — Scott. 
He raised a mortal to the skies; 
She drew an angel down. — Dryden. 

The moon, refulgent lamp of night, 



264 THE COUNTY EXAMINER 

O'er heaven's clear azure spreads her sacred 
light. — Pope. 

O wad some power the giftie gie us 
To see oursels as ithers see us. — Burns. 

PAPER NO. IV. 

i. William Shakespeare was born at Stratford, 
on the river Avon, in 1564. At the age of eighteen 
he married Anne Hathaway, and three years later 
went to London, where he wrote and acted plays. 
He soon came into prominence as a writer. In all 
he wrote thirty-seven dramas. From his writings 
and his income as part owner of the Globe and 
Blackfriars' Theaters, he became quite wealthy, 
purchased considerable property at Stratford, to 
which place he removed and spent his last days. 
He died in 1616. 

2. The Tern-pest was written by George D. Pren- 
tice, The Ring and the Book by Robert Browning, 
Walden Pond 'by Henry D. Thoreau, Modern Paint- 
ers, by John Ruskin, Alice of Old Vincennes by Mau- 
rice Thompson. 

3. Bede was a writer born in 673. His life was 
spent in Saint Paul's Monastery at Jarrow-on-Tyne. 
He says: "I spent my whole life in the same Mon- 
astery, and, while attentive to the rule of my 
order and the services of the church, my constant 
pleasure lay in learning or teaching or writing." 
He was the greatest scholar of his time. His 
chief works are on Ecclesiastical History, and 



ANSWERS TO LITERATURE 265 

translations of Saint John's Gospel. He died in 735. 

4. The four great writers of English poetry are 
Chaucer, Spenser, Shakespeare, and Milton. 

5. Oliver Goldsmith, the most gifted writer of 
his day, was poet, novelist, dramatist and historian. 
His most noted works are as follows: The Deserted 
Village, Vzcar of Wakefield, and She Stoops to Con 
quer. 

6. Robert Burns is the most noted of Scotch 
poets. He was born in 1759 and died in 1796. 
His education was limited, but being a con- 
stant reader he soon became well informed. He 
began to write poetry at the age of sixteen. At the 
age of twenty-five he made ready to sail for 
Jamaica, but his poetry had attracted so much at- 
tention the trip was put off in order to make some 
publications, and was never made. His most im- 
portant productions are: Tarn GShanter, Ban- 
nockburn, and The Cotters Saturday Night. 

7. The greatest poets of the Victorian age are 
Alfred Tennyson and Elizabeth and Robert Brown- 
ing. 

8. Horace Greeley was the founder of the New 
York Tribune, Francis Bret Harte wrote for the 
Atlantic Monthly, Henry Watterson, editor of the 
Courier 'Journal, William Cullen Bryant, editor o 
he Evening- Post, Joel Chandler Harris, editor of 
the Constitution. 

q. The name Anglo-Saxons is applied to the 



266 THE COUNTY EXAMINER 

Teutonic tribes that invaded England after the 
time of the Romans. They lived along the North 
Sea. Two of the tribes were named Angles and 
Saxons, hence the name Anglo-Saxon. 

10. From L Allegro: 

While the plowman near at hand 

Whistles o'er the furrow' d land, 

And the milkmaid singeth blithe, 

And the mower whets his scythe. — Milton. 

From The Rape of the Lock: 

The meeting points the sacred hair dissever 

From the fair head, forever and forever. 

—Pope. 
From The Cloud: 

I bring fresh shower for the thirsting flowers 

From the seas and the streams; 
I bring light shade for the leaves when laid 

In their noonday dreams. — Shelley. 
From In Memoriam: 
One God, one law, one element, 
And one far-off divine event 
To which the whole creation moves. 

— Tennyson. 
From To a Waterfowl: 
He who, from zone to zone, 

Guides through the boundless sky thy cer- 
tain flight 
In the long way that I must tread alone 
Will lead my steps aright. — Brya?zt. 



ANSWERS TO LITERATURE 267 

PAPER NO. V. 

1. Macbeth is one of Shakespeare's most impor- 
tant tragedies. Duncan, King of Scotland, Mal- 
colm and Donaldbain, his sons, Macbeth and Ban- 
quo, generals of the King's army, Lady Macbeth 
and several noblemen of Scotland are the most im- 
portant characters. 

2. The author of The Confessions of an English 
Opium Eater is DeQuincy; of The Cotter s Satur- 
day Night, Burns; of The Biglozv Papers, Lowell; 
of Jane Eyre, Charlotte Bronte; of Adam Bede, 
"George Eliot." 

3. The five most noted American orators of the 
first half of the nineteenth century are: Clay, Web- 
ster, Calhoun, Hayne and J. Q. Adams. 

4. John Greenleaf Whittier is known as the 
"Quaker Poet." He was born at Haverhill, Mass., 
in 1807. His education was limited, yet at an early 
age he became a student, and was the most noted 
anti-slavery writer. His masterpiece is Snow-Bound. 
Other selections are The Eternal Goodness, The 
Barefoot Boy, In School Days, and Telling the 
Bees. 

5. Goldsmith's most noted novel is Vicar of 
Wakefield; Richardson's, Pamela; Stevenson's, 
David Balfottr; Hawthorne's, 7 he Scarlet Letter; 
Thackeray's, Vanity Fair. 

6. William Cullen Bryant was born in Cum- 
mington, Mass., in 1794. At the age of sixteen he 



268 THE COUNTY EXAMINER 

entered Williams College, but did not remain long, 
for his father was not able to bear the expenses. 
He went home disappointed and began the study 
of law. Later he engaged in its practice, but was 
not too busy to write several poems of note. He 
was soon recognized as the leading poet of America. 
Thanatopsis, his most noted production, was writ- 
ten when he was but eighteen. He continued to 
write and practice law until 1825, when he aban- 
doned the law and became the editor of "The 
Evening Post," which position he held for nearly 
fifty years. In addition to Thanatofiis, his most 
noted productions are: To a Water foxvl, The Ag'es, 
The Affile Tree, and Green River. 

7. Beowulf, the story of the exploits of a hero 
by that name, is the longest poem in Anglo-Saxon. 
The story briefly is as follows: Hrothgar, King of 
the Danes, built a beautiful hall, where he and his 
thegns enjoyed music and feasting and divided the 
treasures that had been won in battle. A great sea 
monster, named Grendel, one night visited the 
hall, dragged away and devoured thirty men. The 
slaughter continued for quite a while. Finally 
Beowulf was attacked. Grendel's arm was torn off 
in the contest and he fled. The next night Gren- 
del's mother came into the hall and carried away 
one of Hrothgars favorite liegemen. Beowulf was 
told of this, and, in order to punish the murderer, 
he went to the den of Grendel's mother and en- 



ANSWERS TO LITERATURE 260 

gaged her in terrific battle, in which she was killed. 
Beowulf returned after he had cut off Grendel's 
head. Beowulf ruled his people for fifty years. 

8. The first books published in America are 
Smith's True Relation of Virginia; Bradford's His- 
tory of Plymouth Pla?itation y and Wigglesworth's 
Day of Doom. 

9. Edmund Burke was a noted Irish writer and 
orator. He was a member of the English Parlia- 
ment just prior to the American Revolution, and in 
1775 made his famous speech on "Conciliation With 
America," which is a masterpiece and is generally 
studied in our schools. Two other orations are: 
"The Sublime and Beautiful" and "The French 
Revolution." 

10. The most noted writers of the Revolutionary 
Period, with a production of each, are as follows: 
Benjamin Franklin, Poor Richards Almanac; 
Thomas Jefferson, Declaration of Independence; 
Hamilton, Jay and Madison, The Federalist. 

PAPER NO. IV. 

1. The "Golden Age" of English Literature is 
the same as the Elizabethan Age and extended 
from 1558 to 1603. Sir Thomas More, Edmund 
Spenser, William Shakespeare, Sir Francis Bacon 
and Ben Jonson were writers of this period. 

2. Alfred Tennyson is the greatest poet of the 
Victorian Age. He belonged to a large family, all 
of whom, it is said, could write verses. At the age 



2 yo THE COUNTY EXAMINER 

of seventeen he and a brother a year his senior 
published a little book of verses. He continued to 
write, and before he was appointed Laureate in 
1850 many good poems had been written by him, 
among which are: The May -Queen, Lady Clara 
Vcre de Vere, Locksley Hall, and the Princess. In 
1850 In Memoriam was given to the public in 
memory of his friend, Arthur Henry Hallam, who 
had just died. 

In addition to the productions named, Ten- 
nyson wrote many beautiful poems, among which 
are: The Idylls of the King, Enoch Arden, and 
Crossing the Bar. He was born in 1809 and died in 

1892. 

3. The author of True and I is George William 

Curtis; Views Afoot, Bayard Taylor; Uncle Remus, 
Joel Chandler Harris; The Belts, Edgar Allan Poe; 
The American Flag; Joseph Rodman Drake; The 
Marble Faun, Nathaniel Hawthorne; Utopia, Sir 
Thomas More; The Shepherd 's Calendar^ Edmund 

Spenser. 

4. Alfred, on account of the great good he did 

for England during the time he served the country 
as King from 871 to 901, has been styled "Alfred 
the Great." Most all books of this day were in 
Latin, and Alfred undertook to make translations 
and invent a language into which to translate, for 
the English of that time could hardly be called a 
language. He translated Bede's Ecclesiastical 
History and a geography made by Orosius four 



ANSWERS TO LITERATURE 271 

hundred years before. In addition to these and 
other translations, we are indebted to Alfred for 
the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, which was likely begun 
in his time. The reign of Alfred had been very 
prosperous and education had been given a great 
uplift. 

5. Wordsworth, Coleridge and Southey are 
called the "Lake School" poets, because they lived 
in what was called the Lake country. But for this 
the three poets have little in common. 

6. Goldsmith is the author of S?ie Stoops to 
Conqtier, Swift of the Tale of the Tub, Samuel 
Johnson of Rasselas. 

7. Helen Fiske was born in Massachusetts in 
1831. In 1852 she married Edward Hunt, of 
the United States Navy. He died in 1863. In 
1873 she moved to Colorado for the benefit of her 
health, and two years later married William Jack- 
son, of Colorado Springs. It was on Foint Inspira- 
tion that overlooks the head of South Cheyenne 
Canon she did much of her writing. In 1884 she 
died and was buried, by her own request, on the top 
of this Point. The grave is marked by a large 
heap of stones, she having requested that tourists 
visiting it deposit two stones and take one away as 
a souvenir. Her remains, however, were a number 
of years after burial moved to the cemetery in 
Colorado Springs. Her most important work is a 
novel, Ramona, written in defense of the Indians. 



27 2 THE COUNTY EXAMINER 

8. James Whitcomb Riley, Edward W. Nye 
(Bill Nye), H. W. Shaw (Josh Billings), Samuel L. 
Clemens (Mark Twain), Charles F. Brown (Arte- 
mus Ward) are noted American humorists. 

q. George Noel Gorden was born in 1788 and 
became Lord B3/T011 ten years later. At an early 
age he began to write verses, and at nineteen pub- 
lished a book entitled Hours of Idleness. They 
were severely criticised by Edinburgh writers, and 
two years later he published his English Bards and 
Scotch Reviewers, one of the keenest satires ever 
written. Byron had much trouble, and finally left 
England never to return. The latter part of his 
life was spent in Italy, except the last year, which 
was spent in assisting the Greeks in their fight 
against the Turks for independence. None of the 
English poets of his day was greater than Byron. 
His most noted works: Childe Harold's Pilgrimage, 
The Bride of A by do s, The Corsair, Don Juan and 
Prisoner of Chillon. 

10 From The Deserted Village: 

111 fares the land, to hastening ills a prey, 
Where wealth accumulates and men decay. 

— Goldsmith. 
From The 1 ask: 

Poor, yet industrious, modest, quiet, neat, 
Such claim compassion in a night like this, 
And have a friend in ever failing heart. 

— Cowper. 



ANSWERS TO LITERATURE 273 

From Concord Hymn: 

By the rude bridge that arched the flood, 

Their flag to April's breeze unfurled, 
Here once the embattled farmers stood 

And fired the shot heard 'round the world. 

— Emerson. 

From Locks ley Hall: 

Love took up the glass of Time and turn'd it 

in his glowing hands; 
Every moment, lightly shaken, ran itself in 

golden sands. — Tennyson. 

PAPER NO. VII. 

1. English Literature may be divided into the 
following periods: The Anglo-Saxon, 449 to 1066; 
The Norman-French, 1066 to 1360; The First Eng- 
lish, 1360 to 1525; The Renaissance, 1525 to 1634; 
The Puritan, 1634 to 1660; The Restoration, 1660 
to 1702; The Augustan, 1702 to 1744; The Georg- 
ian, 1744 to 1800; The Revolutionary, 1800 to 1837; 
The Victorian, 1830 to the present time. 

2. Francis Bacon, Sir Philip Sidney, Sir Walter 
Raleigh, Roger Ascham, Richard Hooker and John 
Knox were prose writers of the Elizabethan Age. 

3. The most noted writers of Lyric poetry are 
Dryden, Gray, Lowell, Spenser, More, Burns, 
Wordsworth and Tennyson. 

4. Macaulay, an English historian of the Eight- 



2 74 THE COUNTY EXAMINER 

teenth Century, produced a History of England; 
Carlyle, History of the French Revolution; Froude, 
History of England; Green, A Short History of the 
English People. 

5. Edgar Allan Poe, possibly the greatest of all 
Southern writers, was born in 1809 and died at the 
age of 40. In early life he was left an orphan and 
became the adopted child of a wealthy merchant 
of Baltimore by the name of Allan. His adopted 
father for a time tried to assist Poe in every way he 
could, but finally, on account of Poe's wildness, 
gave up and refused any further aid. Poe under- 
took to support himself with his pen. At first he 
was a writer of prose, and later of poetry. As a 
writer of tales he was excellent, while his poetry is 
beautiful. He is ranked as one of the great poets, 
but is better known by his prose. 

6. Robert Browning was one of the greatest of 
English poets. He was born in 1812 and died in 
1889. His education, so far as a college is con- 
cerned, was limited, though he became well edu- 
cated. At first his poetry was not well received, as 
it was hard to understand; however, he later be- 
came noted and stands next to Tennyson in the 
Victorian Age. 

Elizabeth Barrett was a charming writer, and 
at the time of her marriage to Robert Browning in 
1846 she had a greater reputation as a writer than 



ANSWERS TO LITERATURE 275 

he. Her health was not good and, for this reason, 
the two poets made Italy their home. Mrs, Brown- 
ing died in 1861. 

The most important selections ot Robert 
Browning are Pippa Passes, My Lost Duchess, Pied 
Piper of Hamelin, and Asolands. The most impor- 
tant selections of Mrs. Browning are: Drama of 
Exile, Aurora Leigh, Brown Rosary, Dead Pa7i, and 
Cowpers Grave. 

7. The following are the most noted writers of 
literature for children, with a selection of each: 
Jacob Abbott, Rollo Books; Louisa May Alcott, 
Little Women; William Taylor Adams, 7 oung- Amer- 
ica Abroad; Sarah Jane Lippincott, History of My 
Pets; Eugene Field, Our Tivo Opinions. 

8. Shakespeare wrote thirty-seven dramas. 
Three tragedies are Othello, Macbeth and Ham- 
let; three comedies are As Tou Like It, Tzvelfth 
Night and Midsimuner Night 's Dream; three his- 
torical plays are Henry VIII., Richard III. and 
King John. 

9. Ophelia is found in Hamlet, Uriah Heep in 
David Copperfield, Hester Prynn in The Scarlet 
Letter, Ke7iyon in Marble Faun, John Alden in 
Courtship of Miles Standish, Roderick Dhu in Lady 
of the Lake. 

10. A poem by Helen Hunt Jackson is Christmas 
Night at Saint Peters ; by Willis, Davids Lament 



276 THE COUNTY EXAMINER 

for Absalom) by Stoddard, A Curtain Call; by 
Riley, The Raggedy Man; by Whitman, Old Ireland. 

PAPER NO. VIII. 

i. William Gilmore Simms was one of the most 
noted southern writers. He wrote both poetry and 
prose. The Yemassee is considered his master- 
piece. 

Joaquin Miller is called "The Poet of the 
Sierras." He was born in Indiana and in early life 
moved with his father to Oregon. His life was full 
of adventure, both in the search for gold and in 
his experience with the Indians. He practiced 
law, was an editor, and a writer of both prose and 
poetry. 

2. Marietta Holley (Josiah Allen's Wife), Fran- 
ces M. Whitcher (The Widow Bedott), Lucy Lar- 
com, Elizabeth Oakes Smith, Amelia S. Barr and 
Mary Johnson, are minor women writers. 

3. A number of political pamphlets written by 
Madison, Jay and Hamilton were collected and 
published as "The Federalist." Its aim was to ad- 
vocate the adoption of the U. S. constitution. 

4. Benjamin Franklin was the most noted writer 
of the Revolutionary period. His education, so 
far as school or college life is concerned, was lim- 
ited, though by his own personal application he 
became one of the best educated men of his day, 



ANSWERS TO LITERATURE 277 

and was considered the best of authority on science 
and political economy. He wrote much, among 
which were papers on "Electricity and other Scien- 
tific and Philosophical Subjects," and "Essays on 
Politics, Commerce and Political Economy." 

5. Addison and Steele were born in the same 
year — 1672. Addison was the best prose writer of 
Queen Anne's reign. Steele did not at first meet 
with so much favor as a writer. In 1709, Steele 
undertook to publish the Tatter, with Addison as a 
contributor. New features were added, and the 
paper was seemingly quite a success when, in 1711, 
its publication ceased. Two months later, Addison 
and Steele united in publishing the Spectator. It 
was more famous than the Tatler, its fame being 
clue chiefly to the character "Sir Roger de Cover- 
ly," though its publication ceased in 1712. A third 
paper, the Guardian, was soon begun by Steele, 
but continued only about eight months. Many of 
the best productions of the two men were con- 
tributed to these papers. 

6. Edmund Spenser, Richard Hooker, John 
Lily, Sir Philip Sidney, Sir Walter Raleigh, Sir 
Francis Bacon and Ben Jonson were contempor- 
aries of Shakespeare. 

7. Dickens is the author of Donibey and Son; 
Lord Lytten, Last Days of Pomfeii; Cooper, Deer- 
slayer; Emerson, Representative Men\ Ruskin, 



2 7 8 THE COUNTY EXAMINER 

Sesame and Likes. 

8. The characters of Dickens are taken from 
life, and most of his stories were written for the 
purpose of exposing the sufferings and hardships 
of the poor. 

Thackeray was a satirist, and seemed to de- 
light in the use of ridicule. He dealt with fashion- 
able society. 

9. The most noted Scientific writers, with an 
important work of each, are as follows: Thomas 
Huxley, Man s Place in Nature] Charles Darwin, 
Descent of Man; Tyndall, Heat Considered as a 
Mode of Motion', Herbert Spencer, Principles of^ 
Psychology. 

10. The first American who adopted litera- 
ture as a profession and relied upon his pen 
for support was Washington Irving. He was 
born in New York City in 1783. On account of his 
showing no inclination for study, he received only 
a limited school education and at the age of six- 
teen began the study of law, but never practiced. 
Ill health caused him to spend two years in Europe. 
After his return, he produced a number of essays 
and in 1809 appeared his famous Knickerbocker 
History of Nezv York. In addition to this, the fol- 
lowing are productions of note: Sketch Book, 
Bracebridg'e Hall. Tales of a Traveler, Life of 



ANSWERS TO LITERATURE 27? 

Christopher Columbus* and Life of George Wash- 
ington. 

PAPER NO. IX. 

1. In 1608, just eight years before the death of 
Shakespeare, John Milton, the second greatest 
English poet, was born. He studied hard, entered 
Cambridge college at the age of sixteen, and, while 
a student there, wrote his Hymn on the Morning of 
Christ's Nativity. Before he was thirty, he had 
written L! Allegro, 11 Penseroso, Comus and Lycidas. 
In 1642 civil war broke out between the Royalists 
and Puritans. Milton was at that time traveling 
in Italy, but returned and wielded his pen in de- 
fense of the Puritans. A book was written about 
this time attacking the Commonwealth. Milton 
was requested to make answer to it. This he did at 
the cost of his eyesight, and he was totally blind at 
the age of forty-two. After this, he produced, 
among other things, Paradise Lost and Paradise 
Regained. He died in 1674. 

2. The art of printing was introduced into Eng- 
land in 1476 by William Caxton, an Englishman, 
who had been living in Germany and had there 
learned the trade. 

3. The following quotations have become famil- 
iar by being often heard: 

An honest man's the noblest work of God. 

— Pope. 



28 o THE CO UNTY EX A MINER 

He that complies against his will 
Is of his own opinion still. — Milton. 

The child is father of the man, 

— Wordsworth. 

Oh, what a tangled web we weave 
When first we practice to deceive! — Scott. 

Knowledge is proud that he has learned so 

much; 
Wisdom is humble that he knows no more. 

—Cowper. 

4. John Howard Payne is remembered by 
Home, Sweet Home, Francis S. Key by The Star 
Spangled Banner, Joseph Rodman Drake by 1 he 
American Flag, Joseph Hopkinson by Hail Colum- 
bia, Clement C. Morris by Visit of St. Nicholas, 
George P. Moore by Woodman, Spare That Tree, 
William Knox by Oh, Why Should the Spirit of 
Mortal Be Proud; Theodore O'Hara by The Biv- 
ouac of the Dead, Epes Sargent by A Life on the 
Ocean Wave, F. M. French by The Bhie and the 
Gray, Nathaniel P. Shepherd by Roll Call. 

5. One of the greatest humorists our country 
has ever produced is Samuel L. Clemens, better 
known by the pseudonym "Mark Twain." He was 
born in Florida in 1835, but his parents soon moved 
to Hannibal, Missouri, where his boyhood was 
spent. At an early age he was apprenticed to a 
printer, and worked at that trade in several of the 



A NS WERS TO LIT ERA Tl J RE 281 

larger cities. His first ambition was to be a pilot 
on the Mississippi, which was realized when he was 
quite young. After this he traveled in the West, 
became a reporter on the San Francisco "Morning 
Call," and made a trip to Hawaii. Soon he made 
a trip to Europe and Asia, and in 1869 established 
his fame by writing Innocents Abroad. Other pub- 
lications of note are as follows: Roughing It; 
Sketches Old and New, Adventures of Tom Sawyer \ 
Punch, Brothers, Punch', A Tramp Abroad, and 
Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. 

6. Cooper, Bryant, Halleck, Drake and Willis, 
who, with Irving, composed the Knickerbocker 
School of New York. 

7. The earliest inhabitants of Britain were suc- 
ceeded by the Celts, who remained in control of 
the country until the time of the Roman Conquest. 
The Celts, after having spread over western 
Europe, crossed into Britain and drove the natives 
north to Scotland, or west to Ireland. The Celts 
were to some extent civilized. They had weapons 
of bronze. Traces of their civilization were left, 
beyond which little is known. 

8. American literature is generally divided into 
but two periods, the Colonial and the National. 

9. While attending school in Washington an 
order was given to destroy the old battleship Con- 
stitution. In order to save the ship, Holmes wrote 
Old Ironsides. The poem was printed on hand- 



282 THE COUNTY EXAMINER 

bills and scattered about the streets. The result 
was that the Secretary of the Navy revoked his 
order. 

10. Quotation from Hyperion: 

Deep in the shady sadness of a vale 

Far sunken from the healthy breath of morn 
Far from the fiery moon, and eve's one star, 

Sat gray-haired Saturn, quiet as a stone, 
Still as the silence round about his lair. 

— Keats. 

From Essay on Criticism: 

In words, as fashions, the same rule will hold, 

Alike fantastic, if too new, or old: 

Be not the first by whom the new are tried, 

Nor yet the last to lay the old aside. 

—Pope. 

From Crossing the Bar: 

For though from out our bourne of Time and 
Place 

The flood may bear me far, 
I hope to see my Pilot face to face 

When I have crost the bar. — Tennyson. 

PAPER NO. X. 

i One of the greatest writers at the close of the 
nineteenth century was John Ruskin, born in 1819 
and died in 1900. He was born of Scotch parents, 
and had been highly educated for the ministry, but 



ANSWERS TO LITERATURE 283 

chose literature instead. In earl} r life Ruskin trav- 
eled with his parents in different parts of Europe. 
This gave him an opportunity to study nature, and 
in time he became the greatest of art critics. Af- 
ter 1860 he spent much of his time and fortune in 
bettering the condition of humanity. His most 
noted productions are works on art. They are as 
follows: Modern Painters, The Seven Lamps of 
Architecture, The Stones of Venice. 

2. The following are noted educational writers, 
with a work of each : David F. Page, Theory and 
Practice of Teaching'; Ruric N, Roark, Pyschology 
in Education ; Levi Seeley, History of Education ; 
E. E. White, School Management; Arnold Thomp- 
son, Philosophy of leaching; Herbert Spencer, 
Education', N. A. Calkins, Manual of Object leach- 
ing. 

3. Thomas Nelson Page wrote In Ole Virginia, 
Bayard Taylor Life on the Nile, Richard Henry 
Stoddard Hymn to the Beautifid, John Hay, Little 
Breeches', Will Carleton, Gone With a Handsomer 
Man. 

4. Among the colonial writers was Jonathan 
Edwards, who wrote Essay on the Freedom of the 
Willing', Cotton Mather, Magna lia; Governor 
Bradford, of Plymouth, History of Plymouth Plan- 
tation', John Woolman, Journal. 

5. The life of William Cowper was an unhappy 



284 THE COUNTY EXAMINER 

one. As a child he was very timid, which caused 
him much trouble while attending boarding school. 
At different times through Jife his mind was un- 
balanced, which fact caused him to spend much 
time in seclusion. Despite all his troubles, he was 
a great writer. His best productions are The Task, 
Table Talk, John Gilpin's Ride, and God Moxes in 
a Mysterious Way. 

6. Henry Wadsworth Longfellow was born in 
Portland, Maine, in 1807 and died in 1882. He had 
all the advantages of school and college life, and 
was graduated from Bowdoin College at the age of 
nineteen. In order to accept the Professorship of 
Modern Languages in this institution, which was 
offered him immediately after graduation, he trav- 
eled in Europe three years to better equip himself, 
at the end of which time he returned and filled the 
place for six years. Then he was given a profess- 
orship at Harvard, in which place he served until 
1854. Of all American poets Longfellow is the 
most quoted. He wrote at first mostly prose, but 
later poetry. The following are selections of note: 
Evangeline, Hiawatha, Bvilding- of the Ship, My 
Lost Youth, The Courtship of Miles Standish, T he 
Skeleton in Armor, and A Psalm of Life, 

7. The "Salmagundi Papers" were written by 
James K. Paulding and William and Washington 
Irving. The prospectus of the papers said they 
were "simply to instruct the young, reform the old, 



ANSWERS TO LITERATURE 285 

correct the town, and castigate the age. 

8. Alice Cary wrote Pictures of Memory, Pbcebe 
Cary Death Scene, Thomas Bailey Aldrich The 
Story of a Bad Boy, Charles Follen Adams, Hans 
and Fritz, Joel Chandler Harris Nights With Uncle 
Remus. 

9. Sir Walter Raleigh is known in literature 
only by a History of the World, written in 1614 
while he was in prison on a false charge of treason. 

10. The author of Ben Hur is General Lew Wal- 
lace ; The Hoosier Schoolmaster, Edward Eggleston ; 
The Old Oaken Bucket, Samuel Wordsworth ; Dixie, 
Albert Pike; My Country, ' Tis of Thee, Samuel 
Francis Smith. 




PROBLEMS IN ALGEBRA. 

PAPER NO. I. 

i. Factor x^-{-x 2 y—- xy 2 -— y z and x 4 —y*. 

2. Find the values of x and y in the equations : 

y 
(2 ) ^_ li== _- 

3. Find the G. C. D. of $x* — loxy-^sy* and $x* — 
7^' 2 j/— 33^ry— 7^7 2 + nj /2 +37 8 . 

111 

4. Simplify _^j— j 4- ^_ ^_^ + («_<;) («__£) 

5. Find the value of ;r in the following equation: 



x 



■',:. 



"D 



x— V-'t' 2 — 5- r + I2 =3°- 



6. What two numbers are as 2 to 3 and the sum of 
whose cubes is 2240? 

7. The sum of the \ and £ parts of a certain number 
exceeds the difference between its \ and \ parts by 25. 
Find the number. 

8. Reduce to its simplest form v — i — — ' — r^ 

x — z x j r3 x J r3 

9. A field which contains 480 sq.rd. is 4 rods longer 
than it is wide. What is its length and breadth? 

10. A number is expressed by three digits the sum of 
which is 10; the number is equal to 34 times the sum of 



QUESTIONS ON ALGEBRA 287 

the first and second digits ; the sum of the first two digits 
plus 2 equals the third. Find the number. 

PAPER NO. II. 

1. Find the L. C. M. of ^2_|_ 7 ^_j_ I2? anc ] . r s_>_<>. r _}_8. 

2. Simplify x— (y— z)— [>— (z— x)]+[z—(y~- x)\ 

3. Find the principal that will amount to $339.60 in 
3 years 4 months, at 6%. 

4. Willia is 3 times as old as Majel. In ten years she- 
will be 1 -J- times as old. How old is each? 

c. Given the equations — -j- — =<z,__4- — = <£, — + — 

x y y z x z 

—c; Find the values of the unknown quantities. 

6. Solve the following: 

(i) *+y+V -r-\-y=i2 
(2) x*+y*=*$ 

7. Divide the number 60 into two such parrs that 3 
times the square of the less will equal 5 times the greater 
minus 12. 

5. Extract the square root of 9^7 ' 2 — i2db-l-6af — \bc-\- 
4^ 2 -]-r 2 . 

9. If a body falls 16 feet the first second, 3 times as 
far the second, 5 times as far the third, and so on; how 
far will it fall the sixth second? 

10. A man bought hogs at $5 per head, calves at $8, 
and cows at §26. He bought twice as many hogs as 
calves and twice as many calves as cows. The total cost 
was $868. How many of each did he buv. 

PAPER NO. III. 

1. Simplify the expression — { — ix — [3/ — (2X ;y)-f- 

( 3 x—2y)2X+]\ . 



2 8S THE COUNTY EXAMINER 

2. The difference between two numbers is 13, and 
their product is 300. What are the numbers? 

3. Find the values of x, y, and z in the following 
equation : 

( 1 ) t> x — V ; ~\~ z—12 

(2) $*+&— b=iA 

(3) ,r+ 7^+2^=3 1. 

4. The length of a field exceeds its breadth by 8 rods ; 
if each of its dimensions be increased 8 rods, the field 
will be doubled. Find its dimensions. 

5- (*-ir) 5 > 

6. Find the value of x in the equation V x -f- 7+ 

V x — 5=1/^-4-27 

7. Find two numbers such that their sum is 12 and 
their product is to the sum of their squares as 2 to 5. 

8. Find the G. C. D. of a*— 3^24-7^— 21 and 2# 4 -f- 

9. A certain fraction becomes -| when 5 is added to 
the numerator and \ when 6 is subtracted from the de- 
nominator Find the fraction. 

10. A regiment of soldiers that consists of 1360 men is 
formed into two squares, one of which has four more 
more men on a side than the other. What number of 
men are on a side in each of the squares? 

PAPER NO. IV. 

_ . , . a 2 — xab-L-ib*- 

1. Reduce to the lowest terms — — H — ttt 

2. Find the L. C. M. of x*— ■%*, x*—2xy-\-y*, x*—yi. 

3. Find the time between nine and tfen o'clock when 
the hour and minute hands are at right angles with each 

other. 



Q UES TI ONS ON A L GEBRA jS 9 

4. (2o + 23l/7+i8)-H5+2V / T)=What? 

5. A man paid $220 for a certain number of sheep, 

and, reserving 15, sold the remainder for $180, thereby- 
gaining 50 cents a head on those he sold. How many 
did he buy? 



6. Multiply xV a* by a\/ 



x 



7. Two persons, A and B, can do a piece of work in 
12 days. They work together 3 days, after which B 
finished the work in 24 days. In what time can each do 
it working separately? 

8. Extract the cube root of x*-\-6x*y— ^x 2 2-\-Sv B -\- 
1 2xy 2 — 1 2y 2 z — s s -\-^xz 2 -\-6yz 2 — i2xyz. 

9. Two persons travel from A to B, a distance of 150 
miles. One travels i\ miles an hour faster than the 
other, and is 5 hours less on the journey. What are 
their respective rates of travel? 

10. A cistern can be filled by two pipes in 4 and 5 
hours respectively, and can be emptied by a third in 6 
hours. In how many hours will it be filled if all the 
pipes are left open? 

PAPER NO. V. 

1. Find the value of x in the equation 2ax 2 -\-4CX-\-Sc 

=8:7. 

\ 2xy "J 



2. Simplify — — ~^— 



r 2 — y 2 > x 2 -\-y 



x ' ~x-\~y 
3. Express with fractional exponents 
( 1 ) a -0 *c* 

4b *cJi 



2?o THE COUNTY EXAMINER 

4. Expand (30 — 2b) 4 by the binomial theorem. 

5. It takes a freight train, whose rate is § that of a 
passenger train, 2 hours and 30 minutes longer than the 
passenger train to run 160 miles. What is the rate of 
each? 

6. Given ~ to find the values of x 

\ xy — y 2 = 20 j 

and y'\ 

7. Simplify x* — \$yz — [x 2 — (3^ — x^' 2 ) + 3^ — (-r 2 — 
2yz—z)']}. 

x-\-V x — 2 7 

8. Solve the equation — ' = — 

x — V x — 2 4 

9. The sum of the three digits of a number is 9. If 
the number be divided by the sum of its first and third 
digits the quotient is 39, and if 198 be added to the num- 
ber, the digits will be inverted. Find the number. 

10. If I can row 20 miles in if hours down stream and 
24 miles in 3 hours up stream, what is the rate in miles 
per hour of the current, and what is my rate in still water? 




ANSWERS TO PROBLEMS IN ALGEBRA. 

PAPER NO. I. 

1. (a.) x s + x 2 y— xy 2 —y 3 =x 2 (x+y)—y 2 (x-\-y)= 
(x 2 —y 2 ) (x+y) = (x +y) (x—y) (x+y) = (x—y) 
(x+y) 2 . Ans. 

(b) x*-y*=(x 2 +y 2 )(x 2 -y 2 )=(x 2 +y 2 )(x+y) 
(x—y). Ans. 

2. (1) 3x+iy=21 

(2) \x— H= -j 

Clearing of fractions and transposing, the 
equations become 

(3) 12x+3y= 84 I 

(4) 8x—3y= 16 ) Eliminate by addition 

555 =100 
x — 5 

Substitute the value of x in (SJ and the 
equation becomes 

60+3^=84, whence j/=8. Ans, 



2Q2 



THE COUNTY EXAMINER 



3x*— lx 2 y— 7xy 2 +3y* — 33xy+lly 
3x*— 10x 2 y+ 3xy 2 



3x 2 — lOxy+Sf 



x+y 



3x 2 y—lQxy 2 +3y 8 — 33xy J rlly 2 
3x 2 y— 10xy 2j r3ys 

— lly)— 33xy+lly 2 



3x 



y G. C. D. Ans. 



3x 2 



3y 



3x 2 — 10xy+Sy 
xy 

— 9xy+3y 2 

— 9xy+3y 2 



4. Simplify (a _ b j (b _ e) + (b -aXa-c) + 



(a—c)(a—b)' 

By changing the signs of both the numerator 
and denominator of the second fraction it becomes 

+ 7 ttt \ox — 7 ttt .and the frac- 

(a~—b)(a—c) (a—b)(a—c) 

tions may be written as follows: 

111 



(a—b)(b-c) (a-b)(a—c) (a—c)(a—b) 
The L. C. D. is now (a—b)(b—c)(a~c)\ 
(a—c)—(b—c)+(b—c) _ 



hence the result = 



(a—b)(b—c)(a—c) 



(a-b)(b~c)' 



Ans. 



ANSWERS TO ALGEBRA 2 pj 



5. x 2 — ox+ V x 2 — 5;r+12=30 
By adding 12 to each member the equation be- 
comes x 2 — 5;r+12 +V x L — 5x-\- 12=42 
Completing square x 2 —5x J rl2 J r V x 2 — 5j;+12++=A-£- § - 
Extracting square root V x 2 — bx-rl2 J r^= 1 £- 
Transposing V x 2 — 5^+12=6 
Squaring each member x 2 — 5.^+12=36 
Transposing x 2 — 5;r=24 
Completing square x 2 — 5x J r^= 1 ^ 1 - 
Extracting square root x—%= V- 
Whence x=S 

6. Let 2x and 3;r=the numbers 
Then 8^ 8 -f27^ s =35^ 3 =2240 

Whence x s =64 and x=\/ 64=4 
Hence the numbers are S and 12. 

7. Let ;r=the number. 

x x 
Then -^ + -^=the sum of the \ and \ parts. 

x x 

-7— -^=the diff. of the \ and | parts. 

And (-j+-=)—(-^—^)= z 25. Clearing equation, 

15^+12^-12^+10^ =1500. 

Combining, #=60. Ans. 

« ^ 2 +3 1 _ Ji: 2 +3 _ ^-3 _ .y 2 +3-^ 2 +6^— 9 
*' ^—3^+3 ^ 2 -9 #+3 # 2 -9 

= -^-o — ^--. Ans. 
.ar— 9 



2 94 THE COUNTY EXAMINER 

q. Let jr=width ; .r-h4=length. 

^^+4^=480, or ^ 2 -h4^=480 
Completing square, x 2 +4jt:-f 4=484 

Extracting square root, .r+2=22 

#=20, width of field; ^+4=24, length, 
io. Let ^^hundred's digit; j/— ten's; £=unit's. 
Then lOO^+lOjz+^^the number 

(1) x J ty+z=10 

(2) 100x+10y+z=34x+34y=6Gx—24y+z=0 
(S) x+y+ 2=z=x+y—z= —2 
From (1) x J ry+z= 10 
Subtract (3) x J ry—z=—2 

2z= 12 
z= 6 
Substituting in (1) and (2), transposing and 
combining, 

(4) x+y=4. (4)X24=(24sv J r24y= 96) 

(5) Q6x— 24y= -6. Adding (b) (66x—24y=—6 ) 

90x = 90 

x= 1 

Substituting value of x in (4), y— 3 

Hence the number is 136. Ans. 

PAPER NO. II. 

i. ^ 2 +7^+12=^+4;^+3; 

x 2J rQx-\- 8=(x+4)(x J r2) 
Therefore (x+4)(x J r S)(x-\-2) or x s +9x 2 + 
26^+24=L. C. M. 



ANSWERS TO ALGEBRA 2 9 s 

2. x— (y— z)— [y—(z—xj\ + [z—(y—x)] = 
x—y+z— [y—z+x] + [z—y+x] = 
x—y J rz—y J rz—x-{-z—y J rx= 
x—Sy-rSz. Ans. 

3. Let ^tr=principal 
tIo of ^^T^X^i^l, interest 

.2;+ f =$339.60 
Clearing equation 6;t:=$1698.00 

^=$283.00. Ans. 

4. Let ;r=Majers age 

3.r=Willia's age 

^4-10=Majers age 10 years hence 
3^-flO=Willia's age 10 years hence 
^+10;xi|=3^-}-10 or 
4:H-40=9;r+30 
—5x=— 10 or 

x— 2, Majel's age 
3x=6, Willia's age. 

D x y y z / 

K x z ' K x z 

9 2 

— =a — b-\-c or x z 



x a — b-*-c 



Substituting in (— -\r—=a) the value of x, the 
x y 

equation becomes ^ — + -=«, ory- 



y ">—s a +b- 



2$6 



THE COUNTY EXAMINER 



Substituting in (- + -=£) the value of y, the 

y z 



, a-\-b — c , 1 
equation becomes ~ r- 



6. 



b, or £ : 






—a~\~c' 
y=12 



45 



Completing square in^l^), x-\-y-\- v x-\-y-\-\ z=z ^£- 

Extracting square root, etc., 

Squaring (4), 

Squaring (5), 

Subtracting (2) from (6), 

Subtracting (7) from (2), 

Extracting square root, 

Adding (6) and (9), 

Whence 

And 



V x+y= 3 
x-\-y= 9 

.r 2 — 2xy J ry 2 = 9 
.r— jy= 3 

*= 6 ai> 



a; 

(4; 

re; 



7- 



r= 3 (VI) 

Let ;r— the the less number. 
60— „r=the greater. 
Then 3x 2 =5(6Q— x)—YL. Transposing, etc. 



.25 348 1 



8. 



x=9 
60—^=51. Ans. 

9a 2 — 1 2ab+ 4b 2J r 6ac-4bc+c 2 \ 3a-2b+c 
9a 2 



-I2ab+4b 2 
-\2ab-\-4b 2 



Trial divisor 6a 
Compl'te div. 6a— 2d 

Trial divisor 6a— 4b 

Complete divisor 6a—4b-\-c 



6ac—4bc J rc 2 
6ac—4bc J rc 2 



ANSWERS TO ALGEBRA 297 

9. The last term is equal to the first term plus 
the number of terms minus one times the common 
difference, and may be expressed by the following 
formula: 

i=a-\-(n—l)d 
Substituting, /=16+f'6— 1)32 

Whence /=176. Ans. 

10. Let .r=number of cows, 

2„r=number of calves, 
4;r=number of hogs; 
Then 26^r=cost of cows, 
16^:=cost of calves, 
20;r— cost of hogs, 
And 26^-h 16^+20^=868 
Or 62^=868 

x=14, number of cows, 
2.r=28, number of calves. 
4jt=56, number of hogs. 

PAPER NO. III. 

1. — \ —2x—\3y—(2x—3y)+(3x—2y)\+2x\ = 

- \ —2x—[3y—2x J r3y J r3x—2y] J r2x \ = 

- \ —2x—3y-^2x—3y—3x J r2y J r2x \ = 

2x+ 3y—2x-V Sy+ 3x—2y—2x= 
x J r4y. Ans. 



2g8 



THE COUNTY EXAMINER 



2. 


x—y— 


13 


(V 




xy= 


300 


(V 


Squaring (1) 


x 2 —2xy J ry 2 = z 


169 


(V 


Multiplying (2) by 4, 


Axy— 


1200 


a) 


Adding (A) to (3), 


x 2J r2xy J ry 2 ='. 


1369 


cv 


Extracting square root of (5), x+y= 


37 


(6) 


Adding (1) and (6), 


2x= 


50 


(V 




x— 


25 


(V 


Subtracting (6) from (1), 


2y= 


24 


(V 




y== 


12 


rip; 


3- 


3x—2y J rz= 


= 12 


(V 




^x-\~Ay—z- 


= 16 


(V 




x J r7y J r2z= 


= 31 


(V 




3x~2y+z= 


= 12 






hx-\-4y — z~ 


= 16 




Adding (1) and (2), 


%x+2y = 


= 28 


(V 


Multiplying (2) by 2, 


10*+ Sy— 2z= 


= 32 


(5) 




x+ 7y+2z= 


= 31 




Adding f 5; and (3), 


llx-\-lby = 


= 63 


fe, 


Multiplying (A) by 11, 


88.r+ 22y= 


=308 


(V 


Multiplying (6) by 8, 


8&r+130j/= 


=504 


(S) 


Subtracting (%) from (%), 


—9&y= - 


-196 
- 2 

= 28 

— o 




Substituting in (A), 


y- 

8#+4= 




Substituting in (1), 


9—A+z= 


= 12 






z~ 


= 7 





ANSWERS TO ALGEBRA 2gp 

4. Let #=breadth 

#+8=length 

.r+8=breadth after increase 
#+16=length after increase 
x( #+8^=ar ea 
(x-\-8)(x J rl6)=a.re2i after increase 

2x(x+8)=(x+8)(x+16). Simplifying, 
x 2 — 8#=128. Completing square, 
x 2 — 8#+16=144. Extracting square root, 
x— 4=12 

#=16, breadth, 
#+8=24, length. 

5 . r^-iy; 5 =* 5 -5r#;Yir;+ior#;Yir; 2 - 

iof#j Yir; 3 +5(*Xiy) 4 -fiw 5 =* 5 -|-# 4 ^+-|#y- 

f# 2 j/ s +W#j/ 4 — ¥ V^ 5 - Ans. 

6. ]/#+7+i / # i:: 5=i/#+27 
Squaring and collecting 2 V x 2 -\-2x— 35=25 — x 
Squaring and collecting 3# 2 +58#=765 
Dividing by 3 # 2 +f^=255 
Completing square x ^ +^£ J r^ 1 -= IJ ■-f A 
Extracting square root #+V~— V~ 

#=9. Ans. 

7. Let x and y represent the numbers, 

Then x+y=12 (1) 

And xy : x 2 +y 2 : : 2 : 5 (2) 

Antecedents in (2) X by 2 2#>' : #4-/ :: 4 : 5 (B) 
By finding the sum and difference of the anteced- 
ents and consequents in each couplet, then 

(x+y) 2 : (x-y) 2 : : 9 : 1 (4) 



JOO 



THE COUNTY EXAMINER 



Extracting square root x-\-y : x—y : : 3 : 1 (5) 
Sustituting from (1) 12 : x—y : : 3 : 1 (6) 

The product of the extremes is equal to the pro- 



duct of the means, then 
Dividing by 3 
Adding f l^and (8), etc. 
And 

2a 4 +19tf 2 



8. 



+ 35 



Sx-Sy=12 (7) 

x— y— 4 (S) 
x=8 or 4 
y=4 or 8 

— Sa 2 +7a—21 



2a*-Qa SJ rUa 2 - 



-42a 



2a+6 



6a s + oa 2J r42a J r 35 
6a*— 18^+42^—126 



2S)2Sa 2 
a s — Za 2J v7a— 21 
8 +7 a 



a' 



+ 



161 

7 



G. C. D. 



a 



a 



Za 2 
■3a 2 



-21 
—21 



Then 

Therefore 

And 



Let .r=the numerator of the fraction 
y= " denominator " " 

=the fraction 



y 

x+5 



y 

X 



y-6 





'8 
1 

'2 



a; 

(V 



Clearing and collecting in (1) and (2) they become, 
respectively 

Sx— 5y=— 40 (^3; 

2jir— jj/= 6 (4) 

Eliminating #=11; and _y— 16. 



ANSWERS TO ALGEBRA 30 r 

10. Let _r=the side of first square 

jr-h4=the side of second square 
Then (x) 2 +(x-\-4:) 2 =136Q. Squaring and collecting 
2;r 2 +8;r=1344. Dividing by 2, 
x 2 -\-^x=%12. Completing square, 
x 2j r 4^; -f- 4=676. Extracting square root, 
^+2=26 

*=24; and .r + 4=28. 

PAPER NO. IV. 



1. 



a 1 — 3a6~t26 2 _ (a— 2d J (a— b) _ a— 2d A 



2 . x 3 — y s == ( x—y ) ( x 2 ~ xj ' -^ry 2 ) 
x 2 — 2xy -\~y 2 —(x—y) ( x—y ) 

x 2 —y 2 =-(x—y)(x J ry) 

Therefore (x—y)(x 2j rxy J ry l )(x~\-y) or 
x AJ rx 3 y— xy 3 — y 4z ^L. C. M. Ans. 

3. In order that the minute and hour hands may 
be at right angles, the minute hand must gain 30 
minute spaces on the hour hand, then 

Let ;r=the number of minute spaces 
the minute hand moves over, 

And^^the number of minute spaces 
the hour hand moves over; 

Therefore x— T y=30 

Clearing, etc. lLr— 360 

a— 32 T 8 T min. after nine. Ans. 



3 o2 THE COUNTY EXAMINER 



4. 20+23i/3+18 

20+ 8i/3 



5+2^3 



4+3i/3 Ans. 



15i/§+18 

151/3+18 

5. Let ^:=the number of sheep bought. 

x— 15— the number of sheep sold, 

220 
Then = cost of one sheep, 

180 n . • r , 

— — r^=selling price 01 one sheep. 

~ u 180 220 1 n , • 

Then ^is~~^ == 2 t Clearing, etc., 

x 2J r 65^=6600. Completing square, 
x 2 +65x J r^ 2 -^=^ L i^. Extracting sq. root, 

~.J_6 5 — 17 5 
XT -5 y— , 

x— 55. Ans. 

6. ^l/tf 3 =#:ri/#=#;q/ # s 

axi/a s X i /x^=a 2 xi/a 3 x\ Ans. 

7. Let .r=time required for A to do the work 

jV— time required for B to do the work. 

(V W=i 

v y x y 12 

(2) ^-+—=1 



Multiplying fl,) by 3 and subtracting the pro- 

24 3 
duct from (2), —=j', therefore j=32, 

Substituting in (1), x=l§\. 



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3 04 THE COUNTY EXAMINER 

10. Let „r=number of hours if all pipes are open, 
Then J— part filled in 1 hr. if all pipes are open, 
J=part filled in one hour by first pipe, 
-§-=part filled in one hour by second pipe, 
|=part emptied in one hour by 3d pipe. 
And J=i+i— -J-. Clearing equation, etc. 
x=S T 9 r . Ans. 

PAPER NO. V. 

i. CLax?+±ex+%c=§a)= 

(4ax 2J r 4cCX=Sa—Sc)= : 

x 2 -\-~x~4t — — . Completing square, 

x 2J r— x J r~r=— — ^— . Extract's" sq. root 
, c 2a— c 



a a 

2a— 2c 



x : 



a 



Ans. 



2xv 



-*-(*—. y)= 



X 



x 2j t~y 2 J l J/ x 2 -\~y 2 



x 2 —y 2 _^_ x 2J ry 2 __ (x 2 —y 2 ) (x~Yy ) (x-\- y) 2 
x x-ry x(x 2j ry 2 ) Ans. 

3. Any factor may be transferred from the num- 
erator to the denominator or vice versa if the sign 
of its exponent be changed. 

(1) a~ t (r-zc*= -in 
v x awt 

/ > ) ^ a * c ~~* _ 3 #M£i 



ANSWERS TO ALGEBRA 305 

4. (3a-2b) 4 =(3a) 4 -4(3a) s (26) + Of 3^ s (2b) 2 - 
4(3a)(2b)*+(2b)*=81a*— 216a s b-{-216a 2 b 2 — 96ab s + 
166*. 

5. Let x=ra.te of passenger train, 

fjr^rate of freight train, 

160 . . , , 

=time required by passenger train 

160 . ■ , , r • ■ 

-g — =time required bytreight train, 

T , 160 160 ot ri • 
Then -y- - = 2|. Clearing etc. 

~%X ^f 

*=32; and \x=2\\. 

6. .a: 2 - *> =24 (%) 

xy-y 2 = 20 (2) 

Subtracting (2) from (1), x 2 —2xy+y 2 = 4 ^ 

Extracting square root of (3) x—y= 2 (4) 

Equation (1) is equal to x(x—y)=24 (5) 

Substituting the value of x — y 

in (5) it becomes 2^=24; and ^=12 
Substituting the value of x in (4), j>— 10 

7- 
x 2 -\3yz— [x 2 — {3z~3yz 2 )+3z-(x 2 -2yz-z)] \ = 

x 2 —\3yz—[x 2 -3z J r3yz 2J r3z—x 2 -\-2yz J rz'\ [ = 

* 2 — ] 3yz— x 2J r3z— 3yz 2 — 3z+x 2 — 2yz— z \ = 

x 2 —3yz+x 2 —3z J r3yz 2 +3z—x 2 +2yz+z= 
x 2 —yz~\-z-\-3yz 2 , Ans. 



3 o6 THE COUNTY EXAMINER 

8. 



x+V x— 2 7 
:r— |/^r— 2 4 


4:r-f 4l/.*:— 2==7.r— 7 V 7 .*- 


-2 


3^=1 \V x— 2 

~-2 1 2 1 ~ — 2 42 

./C 9 -*" "9" 





Clearing, 
Transposing, 
Squaring, etc., 
Completing square, etc., x=!=W. Ans. 

9. Let -r=the first digit, 

j/=the second digit. 
And £-=the third digit. 

Then 10(toH-10j/~f-£=the number, 
And 10(XH- 10y+^— the number with its digits 

[inverted. 
By the conditions of the problem, the state- 
ments are x-\-y-\-z— 9 (1) 

100jH-10y+s__ oo /oj 

— — oJ (IJ 

X-TZ 

lOCbr-hlOy+^-f 198—100*+ 10y+x(Sj 
Solving these equations, x=2\ y=S; £=4; 
and the number is 234. Ans. 

10. Let .r=number of mi. per hr. in still water, 

And j>=number of mi. per hr. in the current, 
Then x-)ry=no, of mi, an hr. I row down stream. 
And x—y= number of mi. an hr. I row up stream 
[(x+y)\\=2ti\ = 5*+5j/=60 
[(x-y)3^24] = 3x—3y=24: 
Eliminating, etc., ^—10; and y— 2. 



QUESTIONS THAT APPLY TO YOUR OWN 

STATE, 

STATE GEOGRAPHY QUESTIONS. 

1. Bound your State. 

2. What is its latitude and longitude? 

3. What was the origin of its name? 

4. Was it one of the original Thirteen? If not, 
from what territory was it formed? 

5. What is its population? 

6. Give name, location and population of its 
capital. 

7. Name and locate ten other important cities 
and give the approximate population of each. 

8. Name the rivers that border, lie wholly with- 
in, or run through it. 

9. What is the general trend of its rivers? 

10. What river is the longest? Where does it 
rise and empty? 

11. What are its mineral products? Where 
found ? 

12. Is it mountainous, hilly or level? 

13. Name and locate any mountains, hills and 
valleys. 

14. What is its chief industry? 

15. If any, name its manufactured goods and 



3 o8 THE COUNTY EXAMINER 

farm products. 

16. What are its most wonderful scenes, either of 
nature or art ? 

17. Is, or was it formerly, a timbered State? 

18. About what is its annual rainfall ? 

19. Draw an outline map of it, locating its capi- 
tal, principal cities and rivers. 

20. What is its climate? What determines it? 

21. Has it exports and imports? If so, name 
them. 

22. Are there any gulfs, capes or bays? If so, 
name and locate them. 

23. What important lines of railroads are in it or 
run through it? 

24. What were its wild animals? Do any remain? 

25. Has it any lakes? If so, name and locate 
them. 

26. How many counties has it? 

27. W r hat is the name of your county? When 
established? Bound it. 

28. Draw an outline map of it, locating its county 
seat and chief towns. 

STATE CIVIL GOVERNMENT QUESTIONS. 

1. How many constitutions has your State had? 
Give date of adoption of each. 

2. Can its constitution be amended? If so, how? 

3. What name is applied to its legislative branch 
of government? 

4. What is the upper house called ? The lower 
house? 

5. Give number of members in each house, time 
of election, term of service, qualifications and com- 
pensation. 



QUESTIONS ON YOUR OWN ST A IE 3 o 9 

6. Who is the presiding officer of the upper 
house? Lower house? 

7. Give any special duties conferred upon each 
house, 

8. Name several provisions common to both 
houses. 

9. Give all the ways by which a bill may become 
a law. 

10. How is your Governor elected? When? 
What is his term of office? 

11. Give his qualifications and compensation. 

12. What are his powers? Duties? 

13. Give time of election, term of service, qualifi- 
cations, compensation and duties of the Lieutenant 
Governor. 

14. Name your other State offices and officers. 
\h. Give time of election, term of service, quali- 
fications, compensation and duties of each. 

16. What is the court of highest jurisdiction in 
your State called? 

17. Of how many Judges is it composed? Give 
term of service and salary. 

13. Name all the inferior courts of both State and 
county and tell something of each. 

19. Name your county offices and officers. 

20. Give time of election, term of service, duties 
and compensation of each. 

21. Who are qualified voters ? 

22. Give brief description of your common school 
system. 

QUESTIONS ON STATE HISTOPvY. 

1. Where, when and by whom was your State 
settled? 

2. Name at least five noted pioneers and tell 



jfo THE COUNTY EXAMINER 

something of each. 

3. If any important engagements took place be- 
tween the early settlers and the Indians, name and 
describe them. 

4. Of what nationality were the early settlers? 

5. If not one of the original Thirteen, when was 
it admitted into the Union? 

6. Who was its first Governor? Tell something 
about him. 

7. How many Governors has it had? Name 
several. 

8. What part, if any, has your State taken in the 
various wars in which our country has been en- 
gaged? 

9. Have any important battles, other than with 
the Indians, been fought on her soil? If so, name 
them and describe the most important ones. 

10. What important events have happened in its 
history in recent years? 

11. What important inventions can your State 
lay claim to? Give name of inventors. 

12. Name its three most noted statesmen, three 
most noted orators, three most noted jurists, and 
three most noted writers. 




SAMPLE LISTS OF QUESTIONS. 

BY PERMISSION OF THE STATE SUPERINTENDENTS OF 

SCHOOLS. 

STATE CERTIFICATE EXAMINATION- 
KENTUCKY. 

SPELLING. 

1. Define: simple word, compound word, primi- 
tive word, derivative word. 

2. Spell: acrimonious, precarious, deferential, 
facetious, asthma, erysipelas, orchestra, vicious, 
omniscient, Milwaukee, ductile, effrontery, languor, 
assiduity, Volga, progenitor, stratagem, palatable, 
propitious, hypothesis, chimera, suavity, evanes- 
cent, execrate, gorgeous, trousseau, Aristotle, er- 
roneous, osseous, diurnal, endogen, souvenir, tam- 
bourine, demagogue, jaundice, amethyst, valise, 
treatise, tantalize, docility. 

3. Define or use in sentences the last ten words 
in question two. 

READING. 

1. What is the use of phonics in teaching read- 
ing? 

2. What are the essentials of good reading? 



3 f 2 THE COUNTY EXAMINER 

Explain how you would teach them. 

3. Describe some of the advantages of reading 
aloud. 

4. What attention should be given to punctua- 
tion in teaching reading? Give reasons for your 
statements. 

5. Define emphasis, inflection, stress, articula- 
tion, gesture. 

6. The examiners will assign test selections to 
read. 

WRITING. 

1. What system of writing do you teach? Make 
the principles of the system you teach. 

2. Give reason for teaching the principles and 
exercises in writing. 

3. Describe your method of teaching writing. 

4. Do you require your pupils to write on paper 
with intermediate ruling to indicate the height of 
letters? Give reasons for your answer. 

5. Discuss position, form, movement, and speed 
in teaching writing. 

6. Write a composition of about one hundred 
words on the value of good penmanship. 

ARITHMETIC. 

1. Given the dividend, quotient and remainder, 
how may the divisor be found? If ten apples be 
divided equally among five boys, which of the terms 
in the division are concrete and which abstract? 

2. What term is the base (a) in commission? 
(b) In insurance? (c) In profit and loss? (d) In 
interest? (e) In discount? > 

3. At 6 o'clock A. M. the thermometer indicated 
20° above zero; at 12 o'clock M., 5° above zero; at 



SAMPLE LISTS OF QUESTIONS 313 

6 o'clock P. M., 7° below zero. Find the average 
temperature from the three observations. Explain 
the process. 

4. The sum of two numbers is 147^, and their 
difference 83 %, What are the numbers? 

5. If equal sums be put at interest for 1 yr. 12 
da., at h]/2 c /o and l c /c per annum, the difference in 
interest received on the two principals will be $7.65. 
Find the sum invested in each case. 

6. Wheat is worth 90 cents per bushel, and a 
field yields 21 bushels per acre, at a cost of $16.75 
per acre for cultivation. If the cost of cultivation 
be increased 20%, and the yield be thereby in- 
creased 30%, what is the net gain per acre? 

7. The longitude of Pensacola, Fla., is 87° 15' 
west. Find the difference between standard time 
and local (Meridian) time in that city. 

8. The proceeds of a 3 months' note discounted 
at bank at 6% per annum, the day it was made, 
were $400. Find the face of the note. 

0. A contractor in building two residences finds 
that the number of mechanics employed on the 
first is to the number employed on the second as 
7:4, the weekly wages paid individuals on the first 
to those on the second as 8:7, and the time each 
mechanic was employed on the first to that on the 
second as 5:12. Find the relative cost of labor on 
the two buildings. 

10. How many trees planted 33 ft. apart will be 
required to cover 10 acres in the shape of a rectan- 
gle 20 rods wide, if no allowance is made for space 
beyond the outside rows? 

GRAMMAR. 

1. What aim must be kept in view in teaching 



3 r 4 THE COUNTY EXAMINER 

any language? 

2. In teaching a language, which is better, "to 
the science through the art" or "to the art through 
the science?" Give reasons for opinion. 

3. What is a participle? Infinitive? In what 
ways are they alike? 

4. Discuss fully your plan for teaching grammar 
in the sixth grade. 

5. Define and illustrate: (a) An adjective 
clause, (b) An adverb clause, (c) A complex 
sentence, (d) A compound sentence. 

6. Describe and illustrate three uses of the in- 
finitive. 

7. Farse the words in italics in the following: 
Woe worth the chase, woe worth the day. Woe is 
me. This examination makes my labor a pleasure. 
This tale makes my two eyes, like stars, start from 
from their spheres. Wheat worth a dollar a bushel 
is selling for eighty cents. 

8. Diagram or analyze the following: 
A wind came up out of oi the sea 

And said, "O mists, make room for me." 

It hailed the ships, and cried, "sail on, 

Te mariners, the night is gone!' 

And hurried landward far away, 

Crying, "Awake! it is day." 

It said unto the forest, "Shout! 

Hang all your leafy banners out!" 

It touched the wood-bird's folded wing, 

And said, "O bird, awake and sing." 

9. Point out the .kinds of sentences, clauses and 
phrases in the quotation above. Parse the words 
in italics. 



SAMPLE LISTS OF QUESTIONS 315 

COMPOSITION. 

1. What should be the aim in teaching compo- 
sition? Give your plan for teaching it. 

2. Name and define three essentials of good 
diction. 

3. Name and define five forms of composition. 

4. How should explanatory and transposed ex- 
pressions be punctuated? Punctuate the following: 
(a) Charles the eldest son has left home, (b) An 
address was given by the Rev. W. H. Wood, D. D. 

(c) In a short time the building will be completed, 

(d) If you pick the flower it will fade. 

5. Define Simile, Metaphor, Hyperbole, Person- 
ification. Write a sentence illustrating each. 

6. Write a composition of at least one hundred 
and fifty words on the use of good literature in 
teaching composition. 

GEOGRAPHY. ; 

1. Define isothermal lines. Why do not these 
lines coincide with the parallels? 

2. Where is the zone of calms? Account for it 
being a zone of calms. 

3. Name the largest rainless districts in the 
world. Account for it. 

4. Which half of the U. S. is a highland? 
Where are the prairie regions? W r hat river drains 
the northern plateau? The southern plateau? 

5. Name and locate three large cities of Europe 
further north than Maine or Michigan 

6. What is meant by the flora of any region 
and what forms the basis for its distribution? 

7. Is the mouth of the Orinoco an estuary or a 
delta? Explain answer. 



3 i6 THE COUNTY EXAMINER 

8. Name five seas tributary to the Mediter- 
ranean. 

9. Name the two most direct all-water routes 
over which a person would sail in going from Mo- 
rocco to Calcutta. 

10. How do the mountain and desert districts of 
Asia affect the climate of Egypt? How does the 
Sahara affect the climate of southern Europe? 

HISTORY. 

1. Describe briefly the political and religious 
conditions in Europe that led to the rapid coloniza- 
tion of America. 

2. What was the London Company? How 
organized? For what purpose? 

3. Mention the persons or groups of persons in- 
terested in and the motives and purposes charac- 
teristic of the following settlements: Hartford, 
New Haven, New York, Georgia. 

4. At what point did the pioneers of the eight- 
eenth century break through the Appalachian sys- 
tem in order to make settlements? Show the influ- 
ence of the Mississippi and St. Lawrence river sys- 
tems on the history of settlement during same 
century. 

5. Give a brief sketch of the following persons: 
Samuel Adams, James Otis, LaFayette. 

6. Compare life in the Northern States before 
the Civil War with that of the Southern States. 

7. How did the people of Kentucky receive the 
proposals of Aaron Burr and others to establish an 
alliance with Spain? 

8. Name five noted pioneers of the Mississippi 
Valley. State briefly something each did. 



SAMPLE LISTS OF QUESTIONS 317 

PHYSIOLOGY. 

1. Name five characteristics of cells. 

2. Name the bones of the head. 

3. Explain the contraction and relaxation of the 
muscles. 

4. Give the general structure of the alimentary 
canal. 

5. What is the Omentum and what is its use? 

6. Describe the white corpuscles of the blood 
and give their uses. 

7. What is the cilia and what are their uses? 

8. What rules would you give for exercise? 

9. What are the papillae and what is their use? 
10. Why does alcohol cause a demand for highly- 
seasoned food? 

CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 

1. Give an account of the three kinds of Colonial 
governments. 

2. What is meant by the House resolving itself 
into a committee of the whole? By an executive 
session of the Senate? 

3. What is meant by the dual Constitution of the 
United States? 

4. Why are United States Senators divided into 
three classes? What is a quorum? 

5. What is a corporation? An extradition treaty? 

6. State the difference between a confederation 
and a federal state. 

7. Give the difference between the military and 
the regular army. 

8. Explain what is meant by the regulation of 
commerce. 

9. What are the state sovereign and national 



3 i8 THE COUNTY EXAMINER 

theories of the Constitution? 

10. Describe the judicial system of Kentucky. 

THEORY AND PRACTICE, INCLUDING 
PSYCHOLOGY. 

1. Define perception. Sense perception. Self- 
perception. 

2. How are the perceptive faculties cultivated? 
Why should they be cultivated? 

3. Give a fundamental law ot mind develop- 
ment. Explain its application. 

4. What can you say of the relation of the mind 
to the body? How do the physical conditions of 
the body affect the mind? 

5. Give the arguments against overcrowding 
the course of study in the public schools. Give the 
arguments against restricting the course of study to 
only a few branches. 

6. If you had a thousand hours in which to learn 
a science or a language, how would you use the 
time in order to get the greatest knowledge of the 
subject? Give reasons for your opinion. 

7. At what age in life are the acquisitive facul- 
ties most active? What subjects should be most 
taught during this period? 

8. Describe an ideal school site, water supply, 
play grounds, sanitary arrangement, heating, and 
ventilation. 

9. What did you learn from "Phelps and His 
Teachings" as to the relation of parents to teachers 
in the disciplining of a school? 

10. Compare "Silas Cobb" and "Prof. Littleman." 
Mention the strong and weak points of each. 



SAMPLE LISTS OF QUESTIONS 319 

LITERATURE. 

1. Who is called "The Father of English Poe- 
try?' Why? 

2. What can you say of the age of Chaucer? 
Name some of his distinguished contemporaries. 

3. Make an outline for the critical study of 
either a play, an essay, or a poem. 

4. Discuss briefly any one of the following 
works: Hamlet, Rasselas, Vicar of Wakefield. 

5. Give a short sketch of Dean Swift, and give 
his place in literature as to time, and as to nature 
of his writings. 

6. Give what you believe to be the greatest 
work of the following authors: Shakespeare, Gib- 
bon, Tennyson, Scott, Macaulay. 

7. Name four living American authors of note 
and mention something each wrote. 

8. Give a list of Irving's best writings. What 
is meant by "The Knickerbocker School?" 

Sd. Name three great American historians and 
the greatest work of each. 

10. Give a brief sketch of three Kentuckians who 
achieved greatness in the field of literature. Men- 
tion something each wrote. 

ALGEBRA. 

1. Define: Negative number, co-efficient, ex- 
ponent, equation, identity. 

2. The difference between two numbers is 2, and 
the sum of their squares is 130. What are these 
numbers? 

3. Are both 6ax 2 and — 6ax 2 multiples of Zxf 
Explain. If a multiple of an expression has its 
sign reversed, does it remain a multiple of the 



J20 THE COUNTY EXAMINER 

given expression? 



4. Simplify: x 2J rxy J ry l 

y 

x-— 

X 

5. In an alloy of silver and copper weighing 90 
oz. there are 6 oz. of copper; find how much 
silver must be added in order that 10 oz. of the new 
alloy shall contain but f oz. of copper. 

6. A man can row m miles downstream in c 
hours and m miles upstream in d hours; what is his 
rate of rowing in still water, and what is the rate of 
the current? 

7. How may the square root of a fraction be 
found? Illustrate, using the fractions -fa and fff. 

8. If the length of the diagonal of a rectangular 
field, containing 30 A., is 100 rds., how many rods 
of fence will be required to enclose the field? 

9. Expand: [^3-2V5] 2 . 

10. Find two numbers such that the sum of their 
fourth powers is 881, while the sum of their squares 
is 4L . 




UNIFORM EXAMINATION QUESTIONS- 
WEST VIRGINIA. 

ORTHOGRAPHY. 

1. Use the following words correctly in sen- 
tences: accept, except, rein, reign, principle, prin- 
cipal, ring, wring, affect, effect. 

2. Mark diacritically the following words: sweet, 
stile, still, should, ride, saw, work, laugh. 

3. What is the hyphen? Illustrate two uses of 
the hyphen. 

4. Write words illustrating the different sounds 
of a, oo, th, g, c. 

5-10. An examiner will pronounce distinctly the 
following list of words: achieve, until, benefited, 
admittance, separate, partition, lily, Berkeley, sani- 
tation, divisible, nomination, believed, Minnesota, 
Manila, control, enroll, parole, apparel, apparatus, 
plausible, balloon, victuals, cemetery, predecessor, 
paralyze, analysis, cereal, changeable, embarrass, 
acquiesce, potatoes, octavos, blamable, namely, ful- 
fill, weird, skillful, persevere, umbrella, committee, 
precede, February, intercede, supersede, occur- 
rence, Italian, neuralgia, experiment, disease, ad- 
vertisement, deference, religious, magazine, recom- 
mend, villain, strategy, regretted, indespensable, 
adverbial, dahlia. 



322 THE CO UN TV EX A MINER 

READING. 

1. Distinguish between oral and silent reading. 

2. What do you understand by articulation, in- 
flection, emphasis and accent? 

3. How should instruction in reading in the pri- 
mary grade differ from that in the upper grades? 

4. What preparation of the reading lesson do 
you expect your pupils to make? 

5. Quote a stanza or a paragraph from some 
favorite author, and tell something of the author 
and the quotation given. 

6. How should supplementary readers be used, 
and what should the school library do for a pupil? 

7. Name five selections found in our readers, 
suitable for memorizing by children in the lower 
grades. 

8. (a) What reference books are desirable in a 
school? 

(b) How should the Dictionary be used? 

9. Name at least five periodicals suited for use 
in the school-room. 

10. How can you combine language and compo- 
sition work with the reading lesson? 

SUBSTITUTE QUESTIONS. 

A. Name two American historians, three poets 
and three statesmen, and give a brief sketch of any 
two. 

B. What gives Lincoln's Gettysburg Address so 
high a place in pur literature? 

C. Who is the author and what is the meaning 
of the following stanza? 

"O'er wayward childhood wouldst thou hold 
firm rule, 



SAMPLE LISTS OF QUESTIONS 323 

And sun thee in the Hght of happy faces; 
Love, Hope and Patience, these must be thy 

graces, 
And in thy own heart let them first keep 

school. 
For as old Atlas on his broad neck places 
Heaven's starry globe, and there sustains 

it, so 
Do these upbear the little world below 
Of Education— Patience, Love and Hope." 

PENMANSHIP. 

1. Mention all the requisites of a good business 
hand-writing. 

2. What relation has penmanship to other sub- 
jects? 

3. To which would you give more time, the 
practice of separate letters or to the practice of 
words and sentences? Why? 

4. What is meant by the fore-arm movement? 
At what stage would you teach this movement ? 

5. Write the capital and small letters. 
6-10. Copy the following quotation: 

"The night was nearly come; the village smelt 
of trees and flowers, and the sea, and bread-fruit 
cooking; there came a fine roll of the sea from the 
reef, and from a distance, among the woods and 
houses, many pretty sounds of men and children." 

Stevenson: The Beach of Falesa. 

ARITHMETIC 

1. Subtract 4.7 from 95.3 and divide the remain- 
der by .264. 

2. A sixty-three gallon cask is f full; 9£ gallons 
being drawn off, how full will it be? 



324 THE COUNTY EXAMINER 

3. A rug 12 feet long and 10 feet wide covers 
24% of the floor of a room 25 feet long. How wide 
is the room? 

4. A telegraph line is 200 miles long. If the 
poles are 150 feet apart, what is their value at $1.33-^- 
each? 

5. In selling hay for $15 a ton I lost 10%. At 
what price must I sell it to gain 10% ? 

6. A square court is paved with 3844 marble 
slabs 8 inches square. What is the distance around 
the court? 

7. If 120 men in 15 days can do f of a certain 
piece of work, how many men in 30 days can do T V 
of the same work? 

8. How many square feet of tin will be required 
to make 100 feet of spouting 2£ inches in diameter, 
nothing being allowed for lap? 

9. What is the area in acres of a piece of land 
.6 of a mile long and .3 of a mile wide? 

10. A man has $4400.00. How much must he 
borrow at 4% and put with it so that the two sums 
invested at 12% per annum may net him a gain of 
$600 a year ? 

SUBSTITUTE QUESTIONS. 

A. How many cubic inches in a gallon (liquid 
measure)? How many pounds in a long ton? 
What is the value of a carat in estimating the fine- 
ness of gold? What is the length of a cubit? Of 
a fathom? 

B. What is meant by finding an average? 
Write six numbers, each of them containing a dec- 
imal. Find the average of these numbers. 

C. I sold a horse so that four-fifths of the gain 
equaled two-fifteenths of the cost. What was the 



SAMPLE LISTS OF QUESTIONS 325 

gain percent? 

ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 

The first eight questions in this subject refer 
to the two sentences following: 

(a) "To have passed them over in a historical 
sketch of my literary life and opinions would have 
seemed to me like the denial of a debt." 

(b) "The genius, seeing me indulge myself on 
this melancholy prospect, told me I had dwelt long 
enough upon it." 

1. Classify each of the above sentences as to 
form and use. Give the complete or logical sub- 
ject and predicate of each. 

2. Mention the infinitives and participles in 
these sentences, classify each one, and tell how 
it is used. 

3. What transitive verbs are found in these sen- 
tences? What is the object of each? 

4. Mention all the pronouns in the two sen- 
tences given, classify each and tell how each is 
used. 

5. What adjectives and adverbs are found in 
these sentences? What is the use of each and to 
what class does each belong? 

6. Parse the words printed in italics. 

7. Diagram sentence (b). 

8. Rewrite these sentences transposing the 
order of each as printed above and retaining as 
nearly as possible the exact wording 

9. Give the synopsis of the verb htirt in the 
passive voice in all the modes and tenses. Distin- 
guish between synopsis and conjugation. 

10. Write four complex sentences. In the first 
two make the subordinate clauses adjective clauses, 



326 THE COUNTY EXAMINER 

and in the second two make them adverb clauses. 
SUBSTITUTE QUESTIONS. 

A. Give clearly the distinction between lan- 
guage and grammar. Which is the more impor- 
tant? Why? 

B. How does a knowledge of technical gram- 
mar help in the appreciation of literature? 

C. Write a composition of one hundred and 
fifty words on some trip you have taken or some 
object of interest you have seen, 

PHYSIOLOGY AND HYGIENE. 

1. Speak of the effects of alcohol and tobacco 
on the framework of children. 

2. Of what is muscle composed? How do food 
and mode of life affect the muscles. 

3. What are the functions of perspiration? 
What is the effect of the excessive use of alcohol 
on the skin? 

4. Mention the things most essential to a 
healthy circulation of the blood. 

5. Mention the most important glands of the 
body and give the function of each. 

6. What are some of the causes of impaired 
digestion? Should one take exercise or remain 
quiet after eating? Why? 

7. Describe an ideal location for a home from a 
sanitary standpoint. 

8. What precautions are necessary that a 
healthy condition of the nervous system may be 
maintained? 

9. Describe the heart as to (a) its location; (b) 
its size; (c) its shape; (d) its structure. 

10. Describe some simple experiment that may 



SAMPLE LISTS' OF QUESTIONS 327 

be performed in the school-room to illustrate some 
fact in physiology. 

SUBSTITUTE QUESTIONS 

A. In building and furnishing a school house, 
what precautions should be taken to keep the eye- 
sight of the pupils from becoming impaired? 

B. What fluids aid in the process of digestion? 
Where is each secreted? 

C. Outline a lesson on the lungs for a class of 
children about ten years old. 

UNITED STATES HISTORY. 

1. W T ho were the Norsemen? Tell something 
of their supposed explorations in America. 

2. Give the nationality of each of the following 
explorers and give an account of the explorations 
and discoveries of each: Magellan, Cabral, Cham- 
plain, Drake. 

3. Write a paragraph of about a hundred words 
on the subject: "Tobacco and its Influence on the 
life of the Colonists." 

4. Tell the story of Braddock's Defeat. 

5. Write briefly of the laws and penalties of the 
early New Englanders. 

6. Give account of Paul Jones and his services 
in the American Revolution. 

7. Give a brief narration of the battle of York- 
town and speak of its effect (a) in America, (b) in 
England. 

8. Give the chief provisions of the treaty by 
which the United States obtained her freedom? 

9. What was the Lewis and Clark Expedition? 
What were its results? 

10. Give brief account of the war with the Sioux 



3 28 THE COUNTY EXAMINER 

Indians and Custer's massacre. 

SUBSTITUTE QUESTIONS. 

A. In a brief statement give an account of our 
war with Tripoli. 

B. Tell of the contest over the admission of 
Kansas as a state. 

C. Explain any four of the following: Patroon 
System, Rotation in office. Wilmot Proviso, Forty- 
Niners, Gadsden Purchase, the Martin Koszta Af- 
fair. 

STATE HISTORY. 

1. Describe a pioneer house in what is now 
West Virginia. 

2. Give the titles of some books that treat of 
the history of the region now embraced in this 
State. 

3. Speak of West Virginia's attitude during the 
Civil War, and name some battles fought within 
our borders. 

4. Why do we honor the memory of James 
Rumsey, Alexander Campbell, Philip Doddridge, 
Willis DeHaas, George W. Summers and Lewis 
Wetzel? Any three. 

5. Name the counties of West Virginia that 
border on Virginia, on Pennsylvania. 

6. Write a short sketch of any three of the fol- 
lowing: Gordon Battelle, Edwin Maxwell, W T illiam 
R. White, B, L. Butcher or George W. Atkinson. 

7. What are the principal industries of each of 
the following counties Mason, Morgan, Mercer, 
Preston, Harrison, Pendleton, Berkeley and Ran- 
dolph? 

8. (a) How are funds obtained for the support 



SAMPLE LISTS OF QUESTIONS 32 g 

of State institutions? (b) From what sources do 
our school revenues come ? 

9. Name seven West Virginia authors and give 
title of some work each has written. 

10. Write a paragraph on the formation, growth 
and development of our free school system. 

SUBSTITUTE QUESTIONS. 

A. Name the twelve governors West Virginia 
has had, her first two U. S. Senators and her pres j 
ent delegation in the Lower House of Congress. 

B. Name the present State executive officers, 
some duty of each, and five important appointive 
positions. 

C. Write a paragraph on our material develop- 
ment. 

GEOGRAPHY. 

1. About what is the total population of the 
world? What part belongs to the Caucasian race? 

2. What does each of the two hemispheres com- 
prise? 

3. W r rite briefly of Brazil, speaking of its size, 
physical features and chief products. 

4. How is each of the following formed: dew, 
rain, hail, snow? 

u. What are the leading pursuits of the people 
of Canada? Describe the form of government of 
Canada. 

6. Draw a map showing the shape and relative 
size of the thirteen original states. Name and lo- 
cate on your map the capital of each. 

7. What counties in West Virginia border on 
the State of Kentucky? What counties on the 
State of Maryland? 



3 3 o THE COUNTY EXAMINER 

8. If you were to go from Harper's Ferry, West 
Virginia, to Charleston, the state capital, by what 
railroads would you travel and what rivers and towns 
would you see along the way? 

9. Name the countries of Europe that border 
on the Mediterranean sea and give the capital of 
each. Mention three important islands in the 
Mediterranean. 

10. What and where are the following: Hellas, 
Tunis, Martinique. Formosa, San Bias, Yucatan, 
Nubia, Zuyder Zee, Berne, Lima? 

SUBSTITUTE QUESTIONS. 

A. What are continental islands, oceanic islands, 
volcanic islands, coral islands? 

B. What rivers in West Virginia have been 
made navigable by means of locks and dams? Of 
what benefit is this to the state? 

C. From what countries are the following arti- 
cles of commerce chiefly obtained: ivory, ebony, 
ostrich plumes, figs, opium, bananas, olives, marble? 

BOOKKEEPING. 

1. If you wish to know what is due on an ac- 
count, what book would you consult? 

2. How may the present worth of a business be 
determined? 

3. What is meant by endorsement, and what 
legal effect has it? 

4. What is a sight draft, and what is meant by 
acceptance as applied to drafts? 

5. What is a promissory note? Name the essen- 
tial parts. 

6-10. Enter on proper books the following trans- 



SAMPLE LISTS OF QUESTIONS jji 

actions: ■-- ■ 

James Moore, of Charleston, W. Va.; began 
business June 3, 1908, investing cash $2,000. 

June 2. Paid store rent $ 50.00 

3. Bought for cash bill of Mdse.. 950.00 

4. Sold for cash Mdse 270.00 

5. Bought for cash Mdse 240.00 

6. Sold Jacob Brown on acct. 30 

bbls. Flour <& $G.00. 

8. Sold for cash bill of Mdse 125.00 

9. Bought of J. H. Lane on acct. 

Mdse 375.40 

10. Received cash of Jacob Brown 

on acct 144.00 

11. Paid J. H- Lane on acct 175.40 

CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 

1. What is meant by the "Diplomatic Service?" 
What are the duties of its officers? 

2. Define the following terms: arson, burglary, 
treason, bigamy, felony. 

3. What is the Inter-State Commerce Commis- 
sion? W'hat powers does it have? 

4. How are riots and other forms of violence 
suppressed in ordinary cases? In extraordinary 
cases? 

5. What is the difference between a govern- 
ment bond and a treasury note? 

6. What is the difference between a confedera- 
tion and a federal state? 

7. Should civil government be taught as a sepa- 
rate study in our common schools or in connection 
with history and geography? Give reason for your 
answer. 

8. Why should all citizens vote? Answer fully. 



33 2 THE COUNTY EXAMINER 

9. Give some political slogans, such as "fifty- 
four, forty or fight," and tell what effect they have 
had in various campaigns. 

10. What provision is made in our revised school 
law for (a) consolidation of schools, (b) new 
classes of teachers' certificates, (c) aid for supple- 
menting district revenues? 

SUBSTITUTE QUESTIONS. 

A. What are the duties of a county court in 
West Virginia? 

B. What are the following: a will, an executor, 
an administrator, a quorum? 

C. What is the law in this State concerning at- 
tendance at County Teachers' Institute? District 
Teachers' Institute? Concerning the filing of cer- 
tificates and the making of contracts with trustees? 

THEORY AND ART OF TEACHING. 

1. Name some important features of a well- 
arranged school-room. 

2. What is the most helpful suggestion you 
heard at your Institute this year? Why? 

3. How do you propose to introduce the subject 
of Elementary Agriculture in your school? 

4. What were some of the most important ques- 
tions discussed at the State Educational Associa- 
tion at Elkins last year? 

5. Name four prominent educational leaders of 
the day, stating briefly what each has done. 

6. Write a paragraph on some work in Pedagogy 
you read last year. 

7. Name the principal provisions of at least 
three important changes made in the school law by 
the last Legislature. 



SAMPLE 'LISTS OP QUESTIONS 333 

8. Distinguish between the School Fund and 
the General School Fund, give approximately the 
amount of each, and tell how the tormer is invest- 
ed and the latter distributed. 

9. What does our law require as to teaching the 
effects of alcohol and narcotics? 

10. In what respect did you succeed best last year 
in the school-room? 

SUBSTITUTE QUESTIONS. 

1. What do you consider the next most impor- 
tant step West Virginia should take educationally ? 

2. Explain in detail what you would do on the 
first day of school. 

3. Name some qualities that every good teacher 
should possess. 

GENERAL HISTORY. 

1. When did the eighteenth century begin and 
when did the nineteenth century close? 

2. What was the effect of the French Revolu- 
tion on the world's progress? 

3. Write a short sketch of the Franco-Prussian 
war of 1870-71 and speak of its influence upon the 
two nations engaged. 

4. Speak of the re-establishing of the German 
Empire and of the three Williams that have 
reigned since. 

5. Tell something of the development in Africa 
within recent years. 

6. Give short account of the recent war between 
Russia and Japan. 

7. What was the effect of the Boer war on South 
Africa? 

8. Speak of the three Napoleons and the fall of 



334 THE COUNTY EXAMINER 

the Napoleonic dynasty. 

9. Write a brief account of the Spanish-Ameri- 
can war. 

10. Discuss our relations with the Philippine 
Islands and Cuba. 

SUBSTITUTE QUESTIONS. 

A. Speak of Cecil Rhodes and his great work 
in Africa. 

B. Tell something of the present awakening in 
China. 

C. Speak of the progress made in the South 
American Republics within the last quarter of a 
century. 




EXAMINATION FOR FIVE-YEAR CERTIF- 
ICATE-NORTH CAROLINA. 

SPELLING. 

1. Write from dictation: allege, ancient, per- 
suade, peaceable, crevice, stealthily, tenacious, syc- 
amore, repetition, cylinder, agitate, substantial, 
aggression, precision, mischievous, hideous, sincer- 
ity, hygiene, apparatus, nuisance. 

( Pledge. ) 

DRAWING. 

1. How would you attempt to awaken interest 
of pupils in drawing? 

2. What material should pupils have? 

3. Explain how to teach pupils to draw a sphere. 

4. Draw from memory: teakettle; banana; po- 
tato; ax or hatchet. 

5. Draw the following from objects placed be- 
fore you: penknife (closed,); group of four books; 
man's hat, side view ('show top,); door key. 

fPledge.; 

ARITHMETIC. 
('Omit any two.) 
' 1. r Find the value of \ ^f -*- ±— | \ 



33 6 THE COUNTY EXAMINER 

2. A person loses T V of his fortune and then T V 
of the remainder and \ of what he then had, and 
finds that he has $3,600 left. How much had he at 
first? 

3. The area of a triangular field is 9 acres 65 
square rods, and the length of its base is 70 rods. 
What is the altitude? 

4. A man has his money invested as follows: 
$3,000 at 4 per cent., $500 at 6 per cent., and $1,200 
at Qj4 per cent. If he should invest the whole 
amount at 5 per cent., would he gain or lose, and 
how much? 

5. How shall a merchant mark shoes that cost 
$2,50 so that he may fall 20 per cent, from the 
marked price and still make 12 per cent.? 

6. A farmer agreed to give his hired man $100 
and two cows for a year's labor. The man quit 
work at the end of ten months, receiving the cows 
and $70 as a fair settlement. At how much were 
the cows valued? 

7. A man sold two lots for $3,600 each. On one 
he gained 33^ per cent, and on the other he lost 
33 % per cent. Did he gain or lose, and how much? 

8. If 120 men in 15 days can do % of a certain 
piece of work, how many men in 30 days can do T V 
of the same work? 

(Pledge.) 

ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 

1. What is the difference between a phrase and 
a clause? Give an example of each. 

2. Give the principal parts of the following 
verbs: heat, forsake, lie, lay, set, sit. 

3. Correct the following sentences and give 
your reason for each correction: 



SAMPLE LISTS OF QUESTIONS 337 

(2.) Between you and I he is not what he 
ought to be. 

(h) There was only two men in the boat 
when the boiler bursted. 

(c) Each of the girls walk two miles every 
morning to school. 

(d) Every child received it's penny. 

4. Illustrate by sentences the difference between 
(a) The direct and the indirect object. 

(h) The indicative and the subjunctive mood. 
(c) The infinitive in zng and the participle in 
ing. 

(&) The simple and the compound predicate. 

5. Analyze the following sentence and parse all 
the verbs and nouns: 

That time of year thou mayst in me behold 
When yellow leaves, or none, or few, do 
hang 
Upon those boughs which shake against the 
cold, 
Bare, ruined choirs, where late the sweet 
birds sang. 

6. Write the plural forms of the following 
words: Frenchman, cupful, talisman, hoof, major 
general, journey, looker-on, a, 6, trout. 

7. Explain the difference between the plural 
forms: brothers and brethren; dies and dice; 
geniuses and genii; indexes and indices; shot and 
shots. 

8. Define the following terms as used in gram- 
mar, and give sentences illustrating your defini- 
tions: expletive, appositive, substantive, comple- 
ment, inflection. 

rPledge.; 



33 8 THE COUNTY EXAMINER 

LANGUAGE AND COMPOSITION. 

1. Write out one of the classic stories as you 
would tell it to children of the third grade. 

2. What should constitute the language work of 
the first three grades? 

3. Outline a language lesson for the fourth 
grade. 

4. Suppose one of your pupils in the fourth 
grade was accustomed to hear at home and to use 
such expressions as (a.) "I ain't got no book/' (b) 
"I done it," (c) "He don't study." How would you 
proceed to give him the correct forms and to fix 
those forms in his speech? Explain in full. 

5. Write a short essay, of not more than two 
pages, on some topic of current history, correct in 
respect to spelling, punctuation, paragraphing, etc. 

fTledgeJ 

GEOGRAPHY. 

1. Define: longitude, equinoxes, solstices, trop- 
ics, trade winds. 

2. Define climate. Upon what does it depend? 

3. Name the races and give the home of each? 

4. Name the four largest islands of the Wesl 
Indies. Give the political divisions of North 
America. 

5. Name a large city situated on each of the 
following rivers, and name the State or country in 
which it is situated: Ohio, Danube, Thames, Mis- 
souri, St. Lawrence. 

6. What large overflows into Albemarle Sound? 
W T hat two rivers flow into Pamlico Sound? What 
river flows across North Carolina directly into the 
Atlantic? 



SAMPLE LISTS OF QUESTIONS 339 

7. Draw an outline of North Carolina and locate 
Asheville, Charlotte, Greensboro, Raleigh, Wil- 
mington. 

8. What three peninsulas south of Asia? 

9. Name and locate five important mountain 
ranges not in North America. 

10. Where are the Pampas? The Selvas? The 
Llanos? 

("Pledge.; 

UNITED STATES HISTORY. 

(Omit any two.) 

1. What three types of colony were to be found 
among the English colonies in America? 

2. W 7 hat influences made the Englishmen in 
America differ from the Englishmen in England? 

3. What w r ere the causes of the War of 1812? 

4. What was the Missouri Compromise, and 
what brought it about? 

5. Describe the secession of the Southern States 
and account for the action of those States in seced- 
ing. 

6. Explain how the dispute between Venezuela 
and Great Britain, in 1895, threatened to violate 
the Monroe doctrine, and tell how this dispute was 
settled. 

7. What were the causes and results of the 
Spanish-American W T ar? 

8. Write a paragraph or two on one of the fol- 
lowing subjects, discussing its growth or develop- 
ment, and showing its influence upon modern Am- 
erican life: (a) The Railroad, (b) The Telegraph 
(c) The Newspaper. 

( Pledge) 



34 o THE COUNTY EXAMINER 

NORTH CAROLINA HISTORY. 

(Omit any one) 

1. Describe briefly the permanent settlement of 
North Carolina. 

2. Characterize the people of the State during 
the Colonial period. 

3. Describe the reception of the Stamp Act in 
North Carolina. 

4. Discuss the Reconstruction period in North 
Carolina. 

5. What do you infer from the fact that North 
Carolina will soon have as many cotton mills as 
Massachusetts? 

6. Tell something of general interest about each 
of the following characters: George Durant,Flora 
McDonald, Maurice Moore, Joseph Hewes, Matt 
W. Ransom. 

( Fledge.) 

PHYSIOLOGY AND HYGIENE 

1. Of what classes of material are bones com 
posed? How do the relative amounts differ in 
bones of old and young? 

2. Name five structures necessary to the make 
up of a freely movable joint. Name three classes 
of joints. 

3. Name two classes of muscular tissue, and tell 
wherein they differ. Give example or location of 

each. 

4. In what regions and by what secretions or 
ferments are each of the following nutrients di- 
gested: Proteids, Carbohydrates, Fats. 

5. Name the divisions of the heart and three 
classes of blood vessels. Name and give functions 



SAMPLE LISTS OF QUESTIONS 34 1 

of three important constituents of blood. 

6. Name five divisions or regions of the respir- 
atory system. How are inspiration and expiration 
effected? 

7. Name the five special senses. With what 
system are they so intimately connected? 

8. What structures are concerned in the pro- 
eduction of the voice? How is the pitch of the 

voice altered? 

(Fledge.) 

CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 

1. Give the qualifications, the method of elec- 
tion and the term of office of United States Sena- 
tors, 

2. Mention eight powers granted to Congress 
by the Constitution. 

3. What do you understand by the doctrine of 
State's Rights? 

4. Give your understanding of the following 
expressions: inalienable rights; redress of grievances ; 
freedom of the press; freedom of speech; freedom of 
assembly. 

5. How does a bill introduced in the National 
House of Representatives become a law? 

6. Explain the difference between natural liberty 
and civil liberty. 

7. Write a paragraph or two giving your con- 
ception of the model citizen. 

(TledgeJ 

THEORY AND PRACTICE OF TEACHING. 

( Omit any one. ) 
1. Aside from scholarship, what are the quali- 



34 2 THE COUNTY EXAMINER 

ties that go to make the good teacher? Discuss. 

2. What place should story-telling occupy in the 
work of the first three grades? Discuss. 

3. How would you teach history to children of 
the fourth grade? Mention some of the material 
you would use, and tell how you would handle it. 

4. How would you deal with a mischievous boy 
—say ten years old— who persisted in violating the 
rules of your school? 

5. Mention some of the conditions in the school- 
room that are conducive to the best school work. 

6. Imagine yourself taking charge of a rural 
school of fifty children, ranging from the first to 
the seventh grade. Tell what you would do the 
first day. 

(Pledge.; 

AGRICULTURE. 

1. Give three reasons for tillage. 

2. What are the three plant foods added to the 
soil as fertilizers? 

3. What are the reasons for crop rotation? 
Name a good rotation. 

4. What food does the plant take from the air? 

5. What benefits come to agriculture through 
knowledge of pollen and its functions? 

6. Tell how to bud a tree? When? 

7. Name one fungus disease and mode of pre- 
vention. 

8. Outline a lesson on "Bacteria in Milk.'' 

(TledgeJ 



SELECTED QUESTIONS. 

(The following questions are selected from various State tests and 
are published by permission of the State Superintendents of Schools. ) 

PHYSICS.- (Ohio.) 

1. Give the laws of motion. 

2. Give Pascal's law. 

3. How find the specific gravity of solids? Of 
liquids? Of gases? 

4. Give the law of electrostatics. 

5. Discuss electromotive force. 

6 A stone is thrown horizontally from the top 
of a tower 257.28 feet high with a velocity of 60 
feet per second. Where will it strike the ground? 

7. A 1500-pound safe is to be raised five feet. 
The greatest power that can be applied is 250 
pounds. Give the dimensions of the shortest in- 
clined plane that can be used for that purpose. 

PHYSICS. — ( Kentucky. ) 

1. State Pascal's law. Explain fully the hydrau- 
lic press. Draw r a diagram of same. 

2. Explain fully why no change in the volume 
of a saturated vapor can affect its density or press- 
ure. 

3. Name and describe four applications of the 
expansion of metals. 

4. Describe and illustrate with a drawing the 



344 THE COUNTY EXAMINER 

steam turbine. Discuss its principle, 

5. (a.) What is fractional distillation? What is 
meant by critical temperatures? (b) State the 
principle of the manufacture of liquid air. Of the 
cold storage plant. 

6. Explain the formation of the rainbow. To 
what is due the secondary bow sometimes seen? 

7. Explain the principle of the graphophone. 

8. Discuss the history and properties of each, 
and distinguish between the Cathode Ray and X 
Ray. 

9. If the motions of the earth and moon were 
to cease, they would rush together. The earth's 
mass is 80 times that of the moon. Compare the 
velocities of the two at the instant of the impact. 

10. What must be the horse power of an engine 
which is to pump 10,000 liters of water per second 
from a mine 100 meters deep? 

CHEMISTRY. Plan II. —(Illinois. ) 

1. W 7 rite the chemical name and formula of 
each of the following commercial substances: sale- 
ratus, salt, cream of tartar, saltpeter, blue vitriol, 
copperas, epsom salts, sal ammoniac, bleaching 
powder, lye. 

2. Define acid, base, salt. What is neutraliza- 
tion? 

3. Tell what substances you would use and how 
much of each to make, by the process of neutrali- 
tion, 10 grams of common salt. 

4. Give a clear statement of the ionic theory of 
solution and state the chief facts which support it. 

5. State briefly how each of the following may 
be generated in the laboratory, writing the equa- 



SAMPLE LISTS OF QUESTIONS 345 

tion in each case: oxygen, chlorine, ammonia, 
nitric acid, carbon dioxide. 

6. Describe the test for carbon dioxide, discuss 
the chemical principles underlying it, and tell under 
what conditions the test fails. 

7. What is meant by a ''family of elements?" 
Name the members of some family and explain 
their relationship. 

8. Name the allotropic forms of carbon and state 
the evidences that all are forms of carbon. 

9. Give rather full discussion of ''saponifica- 
tion." 

10. Discuss "combustion." 

CHEMISTRY. — (New Jersey.) 

1. Air and water were formerly called elements. 
Why are they not now? 

2. Explain why paper, wood and coal are used 
in making a coal fire. What chemical changes 
take place while a coal fire burns? 

3. Would a Welsbach burner supplied with hy- 
drogen give a light? Explain. Which would be 
more efficient in a gas stove, hydrogen or ordinary 
illuminating gas? Why? 

4. Of what use are the processes of distillation 
and crystallation, practically? Why? 

5. Name three important calcium compounds. 
Tell how they are made and what use they are. 

6. Explain why hot sulphuric acid produces 
worse burns than hot hydrochloric acid. 

7. Nitrogen constitutes about 75% of the atmos- 
phere, and oxygen about 25%. Why, then, are so 
many less mineral compounds of nitrogen found in 
nature? Why is it important to devise practical 
methods for preparing them from atmospheric 



34 6 THE COUNTY EXAMINER 

nitrogen? 

8. Give the general processes used in freeing 
metals from their (1) oxides, (2) sulphides, (Z) 
carbonates. How is iron extracted from hematite? 

9. What substances result from the destructive 
distillation of soft coal? How are they separated 
from one another? 

10. What are the advantages of the use of sym- 
bols and formulae to express chemical facts? 

BOTANY.— (Ohio.) 

1. (a.) Tell about the storage of food in fleshy 
roots. 

(b) Name six characteristics of protoplasm. 

2. Name and describe seven kinds of buds. 

3. Describe the stomata of leaves and explain 
their function. 

4. What is a placenta? Make diagrams show- 
ing the three kinds of placenta. 

5. (a.) Explain the difference between definite 
and indefinite annual growth. 

(b) Name and give examples of different 
kinds of underground stems. 

6. (a.) Describe an akene. 

(b) Name and describe three kinds of pollina- 
tion. 

(c) What are cleistogamous flowers? 

7. Make a drawing of a model flower, making 
all parts with their division and state the function 
of each. 

BOTANY. Plan II.— (Illinois. ) 

1. Explain the life history of the moss. Use 

sketches. 



SAMPLE LISTS OF QUESTIONS 347 

2. State several different means of winter iden- 
tification of trees and illustrate each by at least two 
sketches of trees named. 

3. What is the physiological role of water in a 
typical seed plant? Briefly describe various experi- 
ments illustrative of the movement of water into, 
through and from the plant. 

4. (a) Describe various devices of flowers to 
prevent self-pollination. 

(by In breeding corn, how may pollination be 
controlled? 

5. Discuss the work (a.) of DeVries; (b) of Bur- 
bank. 

ZOOLOGY.— (Ohio. ) 

1. Define swimmeret, ovipositor, carapace, spira- 
cle, vacuole. 

2. Give two arguments that favor the theory of 
organic evolution. 

3. Describe the alimentary canal of the earth- 
worm. Make a drawing showing the parts. 

4. Mention the three kinds of individuals among 
honey-bees. Describe the phenomena connected 
with the swarming of bees, giving the cause and re- 
sult. 

5. Define adaptation and mention five illustra- 
trations of adaptation of structure in animals to 
meet special conditions of life. 

6. Mention an animal or animals that illustrate 
each of the following: hibernation, parasitism, 
mimicry, symbiosis, alternate generation. 

7. Mention the principal characteristics by which 
you would recognize the following birds: king- 
fisher, sapsucker, thrasher. 

8. Describe the shape, attachment and action of 



H 8 THE COUNTY EXAMINER 

the tongue of the toad. 

ZOOLOGY. Plan II.— (Illinois). 

1. What do you understand by "the immortality 
of the Protozoa?'' 

2. What are the effects of parasitism upon the 
parasitic species? 

8, State various hypotheses intended to explain 
bird migration. 

4, Explain the structure ot an ordinary com- 
mercial sponge. 

5. Give the life history of the fresh-water 
mussel. 

8. Habits and economic importance of the 
earthworm. 

7. In two columns, tabulate and compare the 
peculiar adaptions of the perch and the pigeon to 
mode of life, 

8. Discuss vestigial organs in a man, 

9. Sketch (and fully labeU a longitudinal dis- 
section of the earthworm, 

10, Sketch (b.) the head and (b) the leg and foot 
of (q) duck, (d) heron, (e) owl, (I) woodpecker, 
(g) sparrow. 

GBOLQGY.-(New Jersey). 

( Make diagrams or drawings as often as may be 

needed.^ 

1. Describe the processes in the formation of 
mountains. 

2. How do geologists determine the relative 
ages of rocks? 

3. Name ten of the most important geological 
productions of the United States in such order as 



SAMPLE LISTS OF QUESTIONS 349 

will indicate your idea of the relative total money 
value of each. 

4. What section of New Jersey furnishes iron 
ore? Zinc ? Limestone ? Sandstone ? Name 
other geological productions of value in this State, 

5. Name the most important forms of iron ore 
in the world. Which are found in New Jersey? 

6. Describe the processes by which sandstone is 
formed. 

7. Describe the processes by which limestone is 
formed. 

S. Compare the plant life of the early geologi- 
cal ages with that of^the present. 

9. Compare the animal life of the early geolog- 
ical ages with that of the present. 

10. Name the different classes of soil. What 
are the ingredients of a good soil? 

GEOLOGY. — (Ohio). 

1. Define geology and name the general divi- 
sions of the subject. 

2. Define drift and till. What evidence in New 
England of the thickness of the ice-sheet during 
the glacial period? 

3. Explain upon what common model the con- 
tinents are constructed. 

4. Define the term rock geologically. What 
three groups of minerals constitute the principal 
ingredients of common rocks? 

5. Define shale, granite and marl. 

6. Name five or more of the most important 
geological agencies. 

7. Name the most valuable mineral of South- 
eastern Ohio; Northwestern Ohio How is each 



35 o THE COUNTY EXAMINER 

obtained? The most important uses of each? 

8. Name the present geological time and era. 

9, Briefly describe four of nature's geological 
wonders in North America. 

10. Describe your reading on this subject. 

GENERAL HISTORY. —(New Jersey.) 

1. What are the divisions into which mankind 
was divided at the beginning of the historic period? 

2. A brief outline of the history of the He- 
brews. 

3. Upon what is the religion of China based? 

4. What were the Huguenot Wars in France? 

5. Brief account of Frederick the Great. 

6. What is meant by the Renaissance? 

7. What were the beginnings of the Reforma- 
tion? 

8. Brief account of Peter the Great of Russia, 

9. Brief account of the expansion of England. 
10. Brief account of the expansion of the United 

States. 

GENERAL HISTORY.— (Michigan. ) 

1-2. Contribution of the following nations to 
later civilization: Egyptians, Hebrews, Phoeni- 
cians, Romans. 

3. What two kings gave Persia the leading 
place among the Iranian Aryans? Under which 
one was European ground invaded? 

4. Using Greece as an example, show how phy- 
sical and geographical conditions determine the 
character of the civilization in different sections 
of a country? 

5. Connect the following terms with the strug- 
gle for freedom by the Roman plebians: Tribunes 



SAMPLE LISTS OF QUESTIONS 351 

of the people, Decemvirs and Laws of the Twelve 
Tables, Consuls. 

6-7. (a.) What are the two periods into which 
modern history may be subdivided? (b) What 
events mark the beginning and end of each ? 

8. Explain how the struggle between Charles V 
and Francis I helped the cause of the Reformation 
in Europe. 

9. Mention the three most important events in 
the growth of English constitutional freedom. 

10. What would be the bearing upon the future 
political history of Europe of the proposed new 
alliance between England, France and Russia? 

PLANE GEOMETRY— (Texas.) 

1. Prove: In equal circles equal chords are 
equidistant from the center. 

2. Prove: The opposite angles of an inscribed 
quadrilateral are supplementary. 

3. Prove: The sum of one pair of opposite 
sides of a circumscribed quadrilateral is equal to 
the sum of the other pair. 

4. Prove: The line joining the mid-points of 
two parallel chords passes through the center of 
the circle. 

5. Prove: Every equilateral polygon inscribed 
in a circle is regular. 

6. Prove Every equiangular polygon circum- 
scribed about a circle is regular. 

7. Having given three sides of a quadrilateral, 
to construct the fourth angle. 

8. In a given circle to inscribe a triangle similar 
to a given triangle. 

9. A median divides a triangle into two equiva- 
lent areas. 



35 2 THE COUNTY EXAMINER 

10. Prove: The area of a regular inscribed hex- 
agon is twice the area of the inscribed equilateral 
triangle. 

GEOMETRY. —(Kentucky.) 

1. Prove that the medians of a triangle meet in 
a point which is two-thirds of the distance from 
each vertex to the middle of the opposite side. 

2. Prove that an angle included by a tangent 
and a chord drawn from the point of contact is 
measured by half the intercepted arc. 

3. Upon a given straight line describe a seg- 
ment of a circle in which a given angle may be 
described. 

4. Divide a given straight line in extreme and 
mean ratio and give proof of same. 

5. Find the length of the longest chord and of 
the shortest chord that can be drawn through a 
point six inches from the center of a circle whose 
radius is ten inches. 

6. Find the side of a square equivalent to a 
trapezoid whose bases are 56 feet and 44 feet and 
each leg is 10 feet. 

7. How do you inscribe a regular hexagon in a 
given circle? 

8. Draw through a given point a line so as to 
divide a given circumference into two parts having 
the ratio 3 : 7. 

9. Find the angle subtended at the center by 
an arc 5 feet 10 inches long, if the radius of the 
circle is 9 feet 4 inches. 

10. Find the locus of the vertex of a triangle 
that has a given base and the other two sides in 
the given ratio m : n. 



SAMPLE LISTS OP QUESTIONS JSJ 

TRIGONOMETRY. —(Ohio. ) 

1. The sine of a certain angle is 1-4; find the 
other trigonometrical ratios of the angle. 

2. Trace the change in sign and magnitude in 
the tangent of an angle, as the angle increases 
from 0° to 360°. 

3. Express the cosine of half an angle in terms 
of the sine of the angle, and explain the double 
sign. 

4. Define sine, contangent; and prove that 
sin 2 tf+cos 2 #=l. Express the other trigonometrical 
ratios in terms of the cosine. 

5. Demonstrate: In any triangle, the square of 
any side is equal to the sum of the squares of the 
other two sides, minus twice their product into the 
cosine of their included angle. 

TRIGONOMETRY.— (New Jersey. ) 

1-2-3. Write the six trigonometric fractions of 
the angle A in ratios of the sides a, 6, c, of a right 
angled triangle; also in terms of the hypotenuse 
and the legs. 

4. Given a 2 ~\-6 2=: c 2 ; find the functions of A 
where a=2d. 

5. Draw an acute angle and show by lines that 
as the angle increases to 90°, its sine tangent, etc., 
increase or decrease, as the case may be. 

6. Find the values of the other functions when 
can A=f. 

7. A ship in sailing due northeast at a rate of 10 
miles an hour. Find the rate at which she is mov- 
ing due north, and also due east. 

8. Solve the following right-angle triangle by 
logarithms: #=415.38, b 62.08. Required A, B and c. 



SS4 THE COUNTY EXAMINER 

9. Develop the formulae: 

s i v tan x + tan y 
tan (x+y)= i_ tan g tan j, 

10. Given an oblique triangle having #=500, A 
10°12' B^46° 86'; find C, b, c 

LATIN.— (Kentucky. ) 

1. Translate: Proximo die institute suo Caesar 
e castris utrisque copias suas eduxit, paulumque a 
maioribus castris progressus aciem instruxit, hosti- 
bus pugnandi potestatem fecit. Ubi ne turn quidem 
eos prodire intellexit, circiter meridie exercitum in 
castra reduxit. Turn denum Ariovistus partem 
suarum copiarum quae castra minora oppugnaret 
misit. Acriter utrimque usque ad vesperum pug- 
natum est. Solis occasu suas copias Ariovistus 
multis et inlatis et acceptis volneribus in castra 
reduxit. 

Cum ex captivus quaerret Caesar quam ob 
rem Ariovistus proelio non decertaret, hanc repe- 
riebat causam, quod apud Germanos ea consuetudo 
asset ut matres familiae eorum sortibus et vaticina- 
tionibus declararent utrum proelium committi ex 
usu esset necne; eas ita dicere: 'Non esse fas Ger- 
manos superare, si ante novam lunam proelio con- 
tendissent. 

2. Give the construction of all the subjunctives 
in the first question. 

8, Give the construction of all the ablatives in 
the first question. 

4. Give the principal parts of all the finite verbs 
in the first question. 

5. Translate: 

His animum arrecti dictis et fortis Achates 



SAMPLE LISTS OF QUESTIONS 355 

Et pater Aeneas jamdudum erumpere nubem 
Ardebant. Prior Aenean compellat Achates: 
'Nate dae, quae nunc animo sententia surgit? 
Omniatuta vides, classem sociosque receptos. 
Unus abest, medio in fluctu quem vidimus ipsi 
Summersum; dictis respondent cetera matris.' 
Vix ea fatus erat, cum circumfusa repente 
Scindit se nubes et in aethera purgat apertum. 

6. Give all the ways of asking a question in 
Latin and give an example of each. 

7. Give the classification of conditional sen 
tences in Latin with an example of each. 

8. Give all the uses of ut in Latin with an ex- 
ample of each. 

9. Write in Latin: The Germans thought that 
the Rhine bounded the power of the Roman people 
and that it was not right that anything across the 
river should be under Roman authority. They had 
been persuaded that Caesar neither dared nor could 
cross the Rhine with an army and that he would 
not give aid to those that had given hostages and 
made friendship. For these reasons Caesar de- 
cided that he ought to cross the river immediately. 

LATIN.—(Ohio.) 

1. Translate into Latin: 

(1) Caesar was informed that the Gauls had 
set out from the village. 

(2) He enjoys life. 

(3) He hopes that I shall come. 

(4) This is difficult to do. 

(5) I know who is coming. 

2. Translate: 

Ad haec Caesar, quae visum est, respondit; sed 



356 THE COUNTY EXAMINER 

exitus fuit orationis: Sibi nullam cum his amicitiarn 
esse posse, si in Gillia remanerent; neque verum 
esse, qui suos fines tueri non potuerint, alienos oc- 
cupare; neque ullos in Gallia vacare agros qui dari- 
tantae, praesertim multitudini, sine injuria possint. 
Sed licere, si velint, in Ubiorum finibus considere, 
quorum sint legati apud se et de Suevorum injuriis 
querantur et a se auxilium petant: hoc se Ubiis 
imperaturum. 

Account for the mode of visum est, posse, and 
imperaturum. 
3. Translate: 

Turn Juno omnipotens, logum miserata 
dolorem, 
Difficilesque obitus, Irim demisit Olympo, 
Quae luctantem animam nexosque resolveret 

artus. 
Nam quia nee facto, merita nee morte peribat, 
Sed misera ante diem, subitoque accensa 

furore, 
Nondum illi flavum Proserpina, vertice crinem 
Abstulerat.Stygioque caput damnaveratOrco. 
Ergo Iris croceis per caelum roscida pennis, 
Mille Trahens varios adverso sole colores, 
Devolat, et supra caput adstitit: "Hunc ego 

Diti 
Sacrum jussa fero, teque isto corpore solvo/' 
Sic ait, et dextra crinem secat: omnis et una 
Dilapsus calor, atque in ventos vita recessit. 
Construct illi> rosctda, trahens, ptssa and 
miserata. 

MUSIC— (New Jersey.) 

1. Define three kinds of scales. 

2. Name five songs for primary grades. 



SAMPLE LISTS OF QUESTIONS 357 

3. Set to music the lines: 

" My country, 'tis of thee, 
Sweet land of liberty." 

4. What is meant by signature? Illustrate. 

5. Indicate upon the staff six beats to the meas- 
ure. 

6. Define pitch, tone, quality. 

7. What is the difference between a musical 
sound and a noise? 

8. What is meant by teaching- by note? By rote? 

9. Name all the sharps in the different keys. 
10. How do you transpose from one key to an- 
other? Illustrate. 

MUSIC— (Ohio.) 

1. Why should music be a part of the public 
school curriculum ? What is your judgment as to 
the kind of songs to be taught in the public schools, 
and why? 

2. Describe three faults in voice production 
often found in high school pupils. Tell how each 
may be corrected. 

3. What is a discord? Why do certain tones of 
the scale when sounded together harmonize, while 
others produce discord? 

4. Define legato, forte, rallentando, a-tempo, 
vivace. 

5. Write a melody of not less than eight meas- 
ures with signature of three flats. Change to four 
sharps and give directions for transposition. 

6. Indicate the meaning and relation of pitch, 
force and quality. 

7. Give the absolute names of the tones in the 
Key of E. Write the Chromatic Scale, ascending 



358 THE COUNTY EXAMINER 

and descending, in the Key of G flat. 
8-10. Will be given orally. 

HISTORY OF EDUCATION.— (New Jersey.) 

1. Give a definition of education. 

2. What is empiricism? 

3. Tell briefly of the work of Comenius. 

4. Rousseau's theory of education. 

5. Herbart in relation to the science of education. 

6. The kindergarten and Froebel. 

7. Horace Mann. 

8. Discuss the Lancasterian system of education. 

9. What is the educational value of play? 

10. From what sources have you obtained your 
knowledge of the history of education? 

HISTORY OF EDUCATION. — (Ohio.) 

1. According to Pestallozi, what is the true 
function of education? The causes of inattention 
in pupils? The value of observation? The great- 
est factor in discipline? The relation between psy- 
chology and methods of teaching? 

2. Explain Froebel's theory of self-activity and 
development. 

3. Name four persons who by their work or 
writings, have been leaders in working out and 
spreading the principles of Froebel. 

4. For what are the following noted education- 
ally: Aristotle? Loyola? Montaigne? Comenius? 
Alcuin? 

5. State Locke's idea of knowledge; nature and 
claims of education; relative value of learning, vir- 
tue and right habits. 

6. State Herbert Spencers views on moral ed- 



SAMPLE LISTS OF QUESTIONS 359 

ucation; his views as to the value of history; his 
views as to the aim of intellectual education. 

7. Give Rousseau's opinion as to the proper use 
of memory; the value of play; the function of the 
teacher; technical training. 

KINDERGARTEN DRAWING. — (New Jersey.) 

1. Draw a Noah's Ark and three animals. 

2. Draw a border, using the rabbit as a motif. 

3. Draw for cutting and folding two pieces of 
furniture, as a chair, table, sofa or bureau. 

4. Draw for cutting and folding a wagon of 
some sort. 

5. Draw a scene in an oblong of 5" x 4" a picture 
of Indian, Dutch or Puritan life. 

THEORY AND PRACTICE (KINDERGARTEN.) 

— New Jersey. 

1. What training have you had for this work? 

2. What is habit? Name five you should try to 
teach. 

3. How would you avoid a "dead routine?" 

4. What are your ideas on ventilation? 

5. To what extent would you prepare your 
work for the next day? 

6. What is the gift idea? 

7. Briefly men £.on each gift. 

8. Tell about the life and work of Susan Blow. 

9. Nature study's place in the kindergarten. 

10. In what way will you maintain discipline? 

11. What kind of attention do you get from 
your pupils? 

12. What use would you make of mothers' meet- 
ings? 



3 6o THE COUNTY EXAMINER 

13. Give necessary equipment for a kinder- 
garten. 

14. The relation of music to your work. 

15. What bad habits would you teach your pupils 
to avoid? 

PSYCHOLOGY.— (Kentucky. ) 

1. Define: Cephalic senses, somatic senses, un- 
conscious cerebration, psychophysics, psychometry, 
cognition, volition, intuition, empiricism, and a 
priori and a posteriori science. 

2. (2.) Name, classify generically and discuss 
the modes of consciousness, (b) Distinguish be- 
tween the subjective and the objective in cognitive 
states. 

3. Distinguish between perception and sensa- 
tion. Between consciousness and self-perception. 

4. What is the relation of attention to percept- 
ual activity? 

5. How would you explain the theory that emo- 
tion is simply organic sensation and nothing else? 

6. Distinguish between and give the relation of 
image and idea. 

7. Discuss the relation of ideal construction or 
ideational consciousness to actual perception. 

8. What are the general codditions of belief? 
Discuss its two-fold relation to activity. 

9. Distinguish between mind and matter. Be- 
tween Dualism and Materialism. Between pri- 
mary judgment and secondary judgment. 

10. Explain and illustrate the process of percep- 
tion. What are the data of perception? 



SAMPLE LISTS OF QUESTIONS 361 

PSYCHOLOGY.— (Ohio. ) 

1. Define psychology and state the objects to 
be attained in its study. 

2. What preparation have you made in this 
branch? Name books read. 

3. What is judgment? Intuition? Reason? Con- 
cept? 

4. Distinguish between sense and acquired per- 
ceptions. 

5. Write not less than 200 words on some phase 
of this subject. 




COLLEGE EXAMINATIONS. 

(The following questions are samples taken from the uniform en- 
trance examinations of the Association of Colleges and Preparatory 
Schools of the Southern States, for which we are indebted to Vanderbilt 
University, Nashville, Tennessee.) 

ENGLISH. 
A. Grammar. 

1. (a) Distinguish between the uses of the relative pronouns who, 
which, and that, (b) Write out for all persons and both numbers the 
past indicative of sit, of set. Explain and illustrate the difference be- 
tween these verbs so far as their relations to the other words of a sen- 
tence are concerned. 

2. Define and give examples of: (a) a compound sentence, (6) a 
complex sentence, (c) a temporal clause, (d) an adverbial phrase. 

3. Show the relation each clause and phrase bears to the rest of the 
sentence in the following: "I have this comfort, that in every stage of 
the American affairs, I have steadily opposed the measures that have 
produced the confusion, and may bring on the destruction, of this empire.'' 

B. Composition and Rhetoric. 

1. Explain what is meant by the requirement (1) that a sentence 
shall have unity, (2) that a paragraph shall have unity, (3) that a para- 
graph shall have coherence. 

2. Cite works, or passages from certain works, that are illustrations 
respectively of description, narration, exposition, and argumentation. 
Indicate the different ends sought by these different prose forms. 

3. Write a short theme (about 250 words), of two or more para- 
graphs that shall observe the principles of good paragraph structure, on 
the topic, "My High School English Course." 



SAMPLE LISTS OF QUESTIONS 363 

C. Liter atdre. 
(Omit any four of the following questions.) 

1. Whose judgment is best as regards Antony, Brutus's or Cassius's? 
Comment on Brutus's judgment here as tppical of the character Shake- 
speare gives him. 

2. Explain or comment on the italicized words. 

"Find out some uncouth cell 
Where brooding darkness spreads his jealous wings 
And the night-raven sings; 

There under ebon shades and low-browed rocks, 
As ragged as thy locks 
In dark Cimmerian desert ever dwell." 

3. {a) Bring out the difference in attitude of the two brothers in 
Comus with reference to the peril of their sister. 

(6) Upon what incidents does the story of Comus depend? 

4. Macaulay begins his conclusion of the Life of Johnson with this 
sentence: "Johnson was now in his seventy-second year.'' He then 
describes the state of Johnson in his last days. Give his description in 
substance. 

5. Has Shylock or Antonio the greater claim upon your sympathy? 
Justify your answer. 

6. (a) What humorous features do you find in Sir Roger's character? 
(6) Give an account of Sir Roger at the play, 

7. Explain how it happened that Lancelot appeared at the tourney 
wearing the red sleeve as a "favor." 

8. Arthur — "What is it thou hast seen? or what hast heard?' r 
Bedivere — "I heard the ripple washing in the reeds 

And the wild water lapping on the crag." 
Account for Bedivere 's answer, and bring out the event consequent 
to his second answer in these same words. 

9. In the visit of Mr. and Mrs. Godfrey Cass to the home of Silas 
Marner what person is the center of interest? Show how that person de- 
termines the issue of the situation. 

10. Give the substance of Macaulay's contention that Milton deserves 
all the more credit as a poet because he lived in an enlightened and civil- 
ized society. 

11. Upon what grounds does Macbeth shrink from the murder of Dun- 



364 THE COUNTY EXAMINER 

can? How does his wife overcome his irresolution? 
Lady Macbeth says: 

"How now, my lord! why do you keep alone, 
Of sorriest fancies your companiens making?" 

Under what circumstances is this said, and what is the significance 
of the speech? 

ENGLISH HISTORY. 

1. Answer a or o or c. 

(a) Tell carefully what Alfred did for England 

(6) Describe the reign of Cnut; the reign of Edward the Con- 
queror. 

(c) Describe the Witenagemote; the Shire; Compurgation; Or- 
deals. 

2. Answer a or b or c. 

(a) On what did William the Conqueror base his claim to the 
English throne? Tell how William governed England. 

(o) Describe Henry II. 's quarrel with Becket. What was Scut- 
age? What was the Great Council? 

(c) What three great quarrels marked the rule of John? What 
was the most important outcome of his reign? 

3. Answer o or 6 or c. 

(a) Outline carefully the changes in the government of England 
that were made in the reign of Edward I. 

(b) Describe the Model Parliament of 1295, showing exactly now 
it was composed. How is this related to the Parliament of Simon de 
Montfort in 1265? 

(c) Describe the Good Parliament of Edward III.'s reign and 
show how Parliament tried to control the King's ministers. 

4. Answer a or b or c. 

(a) Discuss the coming of the Friars; the life and work of John 
Wiclif. 

(6) What was the " Black Death?" Tell the story of the Peas- 
ants' Rising in 1381. 

(c) Show how people lived in the Middle Ages (1) in the coun- 
try; (2) in the town. 

5. Answer a or b or c. 

(a) Suow how Parliament under Henry VIII. broke away from 



SAMPLE LISTS OF QUESTIONS 365 

the Papacy. 

(6) Explain the importance in English history in the reign of 
Elizabeth, of Philip of Spain, and Mary of Scotland. Why was Mary 
executed? 

(c) Who were the "Sea-Kings'' of Elizabeth's reign? Tell fully 
the story of the Armada. 

6. Answer a or 6 or c. 

(a) Discuss the Petition of Right; the Grand Remonstrance; the 
Instrument of Government. 

(6) Discuss the most important causes of the Puritan Revolution, 
and give a brief outline of the military events. 

(c) Show how Oliver Cromwell tried to govern England and 
account for the failure of his plans. 

7. Answer a or b or c or d. 

(a) How did the English Parliament of the Restoration (1661- 
1679) legislate against those who differed from the Church of England? 

(5) What were the Habeas Corpus Act; the Bill of Rights; the 
Toleration Act? 

(c) Show how England took part in the Seven Years' War? 
What were the terms of the peace that closed the war? And why had the 
greatest, minister in England resigned before peace was made? 

(d) Tell what you can of George Grenville, Edmund Burke, Lord 
North, Charles James Fox, John Wilkes, the younger Pitt. 

8. Answer a or b or c or d. 

(a) Tell how English rule was begun in India. Explain the 
work of Clive; the Indian mutiny in the nineteenth century; the present 
government of India. 

(6) Explain the need of Parliamentary reform in England. De- 
scribe the passage of the first reform act, and give date. 

(c) Discuss carefully the work of Palmerston; Disraeli; Glad- 
stone. 

(d) Give an account of the British Empire to-day, enumerating 
and describing the parts of which it is made up. Why has England the 
greatest naval in the world? 

GREEK AND ROMAN HISTORY. 

1. Describe in general terms the geography of Greece, and show 
some influences which it exerted upon Greek history. Locate Sparta, the 



366 THE CO UN TV EX A MINER 

sthmus of Corinth, Mount Olympus, Delphi, Thermopylae. 

2. Answer a or b or c. 

(a) Give an account of the conquests of the first Persian kings. 
Make clear the geographical situation of the countries added to the Per- 
sian Empire. 

(6) What were the most important eastern peoples with which the 
Greeks came in contact. Tell something of the life of two of these east- 
ern peoples. 

(c) What have the Greek legends to say about Agamemnon, Odys- 
seus, Jason, Theseus? 

3. Answer a or 6 or c. 

(a) What does the word tyrant signify in Greek history? Mention 
three tyrants and give a brief account of their r igns. 

(6) How was the Spartan state governed during the time of Sparta's 
power? What changes in the government developed later ? 

(c) Describe Athens in the time of Pericles with regard to the 
government and the cultural development of the city. Explain the reforms 
of Solon; of Cleisthenes. 

4. Answer a or b or e. 

(a) At what period and how did Athens gain the leadership of 
Greece? State the causes of the Peloponnesian war, and tell fully of three 
important events in it. 

(6) What states, Successively, held the leadership in Greece after 
the fall of Athens in 404? What were the Achaean League and Aetolian 
League, and why were they not permanently successful? 

(c) Tell all you can about Themistocles; Alcibiades; Xenophon; 
Alexander the Great; noting especially what part each man took in the 
relations between Greece and Persia. 

5. Answer a or b or c. 

(a) When and how did Greece come under the power of Rome"? 
What were the most important contributions that Greece made to her con- 
queror? 

(b) Tell the story of the second and third wars between Rome 
and Carthage. State some of the effects of Rome's success on Rome her- 
self. 

(c) How did Rome govern her conquered countries? What war 
in Italy was caused by this problem? 

6. Answer a or 6 or c. 



SAMPLE LISTS OF QUESTIONS , 367 

(a) Give a clear account of the Decemvirs and their work. Why 
did the plebs wish a codification of the laws? 

(b) Discuss the struggle between the Patricians and Plebeians ( 1) 
for political equality; (2) for social equality At what time can this 
struggle be said to have reached its end? 

(c) Tell all you can about the Terentilian Rogations; the Licin- 
ian law. 

7. Answer a or 6 or c. 

(a) Describe in detail the work of the Gracchi, and explain why 
each of the brothers failed. 

(b) Describe the rise to power of Marius and of Sulla, their 
rivalry, and Sulla's changes in the Roman government. 

(c) What was the Second Triumvirate? Compare it carefully 
with the first. 




INDEX. 

Preface to First Edition 3 

Preface to Second Edition 4 

Questions on Spelling 5 

Answers to Spelling 10 

Questions on Reading 16 

Answers to Reading 19 

Questions on Writing 25 

Answers to Writing... 29 

Problems in Arithmetic 37 

Answers to Arithmetic 47 

Questions on Grammar 72 

Answers to Grammar 79 

Questions on Composition 100 

Answers to Composition 104 

Questions on Geography 116 

Answers to Geography 123 

Questions on U. S. History 142 

Answers to History 148 

Questions on Physiology 175 

Answers to Physiology 181 

Questions on Civil Government 201 

Answers to Civil Government 208 

Questions on Theory and Practice 229 

Answers to Theory and Practice 235 

Questions on Literature 249 

Answers to Literature 256 

Problems in Algebra 286 

Answers to Algebra 291 

Questions on Your Own State 307 

SAMPLE LISTS OF QUESTIONS. 

Kentucky 311 

W r est Virginia 321 

North Carolina 335 

Selected Questions 343 

College Exami nations 362 



APR 30 1909 







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